Research Group in Public Health and Toxicology (ToxAmb), Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas, s/n, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2014 Jan;95:247-55. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.085. Epub 2013 Sep 29.
This work investigates, for the first time, the occurrence of 10 drugs of abuse, six metabolites, and three benzodiazepines in surface waters from the Jarama and Manzanares Rivers in the Madrid Region, the most densely populated area in Spain and one of the most densely populated in Europe. The results of this study have shown the presence of 14 out of the 19 compounds analyzed at concentrations ranging from 1.45 to 1020 ng L(-1). The most ubiquitous compounds, found in 100% of the samples, were the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE), the amphetamine-like compound ephedrine (EPH), the opioids morphine (MOR), methadone (METH), and the METH metabolite 2-ethylene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), and the three investigated benzodiazepines alprazolam (ALP), diazepam (DIA) and lorazepam (LOR). Meanwhile, the largest concentrations observed corresponded to EPH (up to 1020 ng L(-1)), BE (823 ng L(-1)), EDDP (151 ng L(-1)), and LOR (167 ng L(-1)). The only not detected compounds were heroin (HER) and its metabolite 6-acetylmorphine (6ACM), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (OH-LSD), and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Overall, the levels measured are comparatively higher than those previously reported in Europe. Comparison of the results obtained for samples collected on different days (Thursday and Sunday) did not show meaningful differences between weekdays and weekends. The lack of (eco)toxicological data does not permit to predict or disregard potential adverse effects on wildlife. Risk assessment in humans would require further knowledge, not currently available, on exposure to these compounds through other routes like drinking water and/or food.
这项工作首次调查了西班牙人口最密集的马德里地区 Jarama 和 Manzanares 河流域地表水中 10 种滥用药物、6 种代谢物和 3 种苯二氮䓬类药物的情况。本研究结果表明，在所分析的 19 种化合物中有 14 种化合物的浓度在 1.45 至 1020ng/L 之间。在 100%的样本中发现的最普遍的化合物是可卡因代谢物苯甲酰古柯碱（BE）、苯丙胺类化合物麻黄碱（EPH）、阿片类药物吗啡（MOR）、美沙酮（METH）和 METH 代谢物 2-乙烯基-1,5-二甲基-3,3-二苯基吡咯烷（EDDP），以及三种研究中的苯二氮䓬类药物阿普唑仑（ALP）、地西泮（DIA）和劳拉西泮（LOR）。同时，观察到的最大浓度对应于 EPH（高达 1020ng/L）、BE（823ng/L）、EDDP（151ng/L）和 LOR（167ng/L）。唯一未检出的化合物是海洛因（HER）及其代谢物 6-乙酰吗啡（6ACM）、麦角酸二乙基酰胺（LSD）及其代谢物 2-氧代-3-羟基-LSD（OH-LSD）和 Δ(9)-四氢大麻酚（THC）。总体而言，测量的水平比以前在欧洲报道的水平要高。对不同日期（星期四和星期日）采集的样本进行比较，结果表明工作日和周末之间没有明显差异。由于缺乏（生态）毒理学数据，因此无法预测或忽视这些化合物对野生动物的潜在不利影响。对人类进行风险评估需要进一步了解目前尚未获得的通过饮用水和/或食物等其他途径接触这些化合物的知识。
