Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences 11A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, 100039, China ; Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901.
Ecol Evol. 2013 Sep;3(9):3095-111. doi: 10.1002/ece3.674. Epub 2013 Aug 1.
We examined the warming effects on the stomatal frequency, stomatal aperture size and shape, and their spatial distribution pattern of maize (Zea may L.) leaves using a light microscope, an electron scanning microscope, and geostatistic techniques. A field manipulative experiment was conducted to elevate canopy temperature by 2.08°C, on average. We found that experimental warming had little effect on stomatal density, but significantly increased stomatal index due to the reduction in the number of epidermal cells under the warming treatment. Warming also significantly decreased stomatal aperture length and increased stomatal aperture width. As a result, warming significantly increased the average stomatal aperture area and stomatal aperture circumference. In addition, warming dramatically changed the stomatal spatial distribution pattern with a substantial increase in the average nearest neighbor distance between stomata on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The spatial distribution pattern of stomata was scale dependent with regular patterns at small scales and random patterns at larger scales on both leaf surfaces. Warming caused the stomatal distribution to become more regular on both leaf surfaces with smaller L(t) values (Ripley's K-function, L(t) is an expectation of zero for any value of t) in the warming plots than the control plots.
我们使用光学显微镜、电子扫描显微镜和地统计学技术研究了玉米（Zea may L.）叶片的气孔频率、气孔孔径大小和形状及其空间分布模式的升温效应。进行了田间控制实验以平均升高冠层温度 2.08°C。我们发现，实验升温对气孔密度几乎没有影响，但由于升温处理下表皮细胞数量减少，气孔指数显著增加。升温还显著降低了气孔孔径长度，增加了气孔孔径宽度。结果，升温显著增加了平均气孔孔径面积和气孔孔径周长。此外，升温极大地改变了气孔的空间分布模式，气孔在叶的两面的平均最近邻距离显著增加。气孔的空间分布模式是尺度依赖的，在小尺度上有规则模式，在较大尺度上有随机模式。升温导致气孔在叶的两面的分布变得更加规则，升温样区的 L(t)值（Ripley 的 K 函数，对于任何 t 值，L(t)为零的期望）小于对照样区。
