Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Porto , Portugal.
J Sports Sci Med. 2008 Sep 1;7(3):402-7. eCollection 2008.
The aim of the present study was to analyze the instruction of the Judo coach immediately before the competition, in the process of preparation for the fights, looking to (1) study the coherency between the information which the coach transmits and that which the athlete retains; (2) identify the correlation between the coherency, the extension and the number of ideas conveyed by the coach; (3) determine if the retention varies in relation to variables such as the form and nature of the information, as well as the gender and practice category of the athletes. The participants were 11 coaches and 58 athletes of 3 categories: under- 15, under-17 and under-20, of both genders. One hundred and sixteen (116) instructional episodes were observed, which corresponds to four hundred and six (406) information units convoyed by the coaches. The coaches' instructions given before the competition were recorded in an audio and video register. After the coaches' instruction, the athletes were approached by the investigator and an interview was accomplished. To determine if the retention varies in relation to form and nature of the information and gender and practice category of the athletes, the non-parametric statistics, U de Mann-Whitney and Kruskal- Wallis, was used. Correlation of Spearman was applied to verify the degree of association between the coherency, the extension and the number of ideas conveyed by the coach. The results showed that a substantial part of the information was not retained by the athletes and the information coherency was inversely related to the number of transmitted ideas. The coaches were, mainly, prescriptive and the form of the information was not important for the retention of the information. Gender was a differentiated variable as the girls showed more coherency in the retained ideas in relation to the ideas transmitted by the coach. Key pointsThe instructions given by the coach are optimized if the athletes retain and understand them well and should be carefully analyzed by researchers and coaches.The ratio between the number of concordant ideas between coach and athlete (coherency) increased when the number of ideas decreased which raises the question of the adequacy of the instructional strategies used by coach.The prescriptive information showed that athletes were able to express a larger number of ideas in fewer words (larger density) while the combined information caused athletes to use more words to reproduce what the coach said.Gender was a differentiated variable as the girls showed more coherency in the retained ideas in relation to the ideas transmitted by the coach. These results indicate a possible tendency for girls to be more attentive when the coach is emitting information. However, to confirm this assumption more research is needed.
本研究的目的是分析竞赛前教练的指导，即在准备比赛过程中的指导，以期：(1) 研究教练传达的信息与运动员保留的信息之间的连贯性；(2) 确定连贯性、传达的信息量与教练的扩展之间的相关性；(3) 确定保留情况是否因信息的形式和性质、运动员的性别和运动类别等变量而有所不同。参与者包括 11 名教练和 58 名运动员，分为三个类别：15 岁以下、17 岁以下和 20 岁以下，男女各半。观察了 116 个（116）教学片段，对应于教练传达的 406 个（406）信息单元。竞赛前，教练的指导被录制在音频和视频记录中。在教练的指导之后，研究人员与运动员进行了面谈。为了确定保留情况是否因信息的形式和性质、运动员的性别和运动类别而有所不同，使用了非参数统计方法，U 检验 Mann-Whitney 和 Kruskal-Wallis。应用 Spearman 相关系数来验证教练传达的信息量、连贯性和想法数量之间的关联程度。结果表明，运动员保留的信息量有相当一部分没有保留下来，而且信息的连贯性与传达的信息量呈反比。教练主要是指令性的，信息的形式对于信息的保留并不重要。性别是一个分化变量，因为女孩在保留与教练传达的想法相关的想法方面表现出更高的连贯性。关键点如果运动员能够很好地保留和理解教练的指导，那么教练的指导就会得到优化，应该由研究人员和教练仔细分析。当教练和运动员之间的一致想法（连贯性）数量减少时，教练与运动员之间的一致想法（连贯性）比例增加，这引发了对教练使用的教学策略是否充分的质疑。指令性信息表明，运动员能够用更少的词表达更多的想法（密度更大），而组合信息则导致运动员用更多的词来再现教练所说的话。性别是一个分化变量，因为女孩在保留与教练传达的想法相关的想法方面表现出更高的连贯性。这些结果表明，女孩在教练发出信息时可能更专注，但需要更多的研究来证实这一假设。
