Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.115, 3508 TA, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Environ Monit Assess. 1995 Jan;34(1):73-102. doi: 10.1007/BF00546247.
A base line study into the environmental quality of soils in the rural areas of the province of Zeeland, the Netherlands, was performed. The polder-landscape in this area was developed in a complex history of floodings and land-reclamation. Samples from 67 sites, at a density of roughly one per 25 km(2), were analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in addition to a physicochemical characterization by pH(KCl), dry solids, organic matter, and clay content. At about 2/3 of the sites samples were taken at more than one depth. Fluoride and pesticides were determined in partly overlapping selections of 30 samples. Four land use classes were distinguished (arable land, grass land, orchards, uncultivated), and samples were labelled by region within the province. Data evaluation was aided by a recursive statistical approach, whereby statistical tests confirm and strengthen geochemical reasoning. Single- and multivariate statistics were used both as exploratory tools and as a measure of significance and relevance of conditions and processes. In general the environmental quality of the soils is satisfactory. Exceedence of the legal standards for natural background values at more than one site occurs for Cd, Cu, Hg and the pesticides DDT/DDE, dieldrin and HCH, at most by a factor of three. High levels of Hg appear related to arable land use; enhanced levels of Cu are found in orchards. High Cd levels primarily seem to follow a regional or geological pattern; yet, a relation with arable land use and clayey soils cannot be excluded. Pesticides are not detected in grass land, incidence is highest in orchards as well as in uncultivated areas. DDT levels appear to be generally inherited from the past. Variation in soil type as described by the macro physico-chemical characteristics is essential in explaining the variation in concentration level of the potential contaminants. Variations with depth also appear largely related to concurrent variation in soil properties. For As redox conditions and hydrological regime seem of importance, in addition to the geologic history. The influence of atmospheric input is inferred for Pb. The available data do not fully resolve the causes for the regional pattern that remains when the influences of soil type, geology, and land use have been taken into account. In addition to current concentration levels, the base line study offers general insight as to what degree variations in potential contaminants are of natural or anthropogenic origin. A succession of similar studies at suitable time intervals, each with a new selection of sampling sites, may constitute an evolving, flexible monitoring system. When putting up a monitoring system, authorities should weigh the advantages and disadvantages of a network composed of fixed sites against this alternative.
对荷兰泽兰省农村地区的土壤环境质量进行了基线研究。该地区的圩田景观是在洪水和土地开垦的复杂历史中发展起来的。在大约 2/3的地点，在一个以上的深度采集了样本。除了通过 pH 值（KCl）、干固体、有机物和粘土含量进行理化特性表征外，还对 67 个地点的样本进行了分析，以检测砷、镉、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅和锌。在部分重叠的 30 个样本中测定了氟化物和农药。区分了四个土地利用类别（耕地、草地、果园、未开垦地），并按省内区域对样本进行标记。通过递归统计方法进行数据评估，其中统计检验证实和加强了地球化学推理。单变量和多变量统计都被用作探索工具以及衡量条件和过程的重要性和相关性。总的来说，土壤的环境质量令人满意。在超过一个地点，镉、铜、汞和农药滴滴涕/滴滴伊、狄氏剂和六氯环己烷超过了自然背景值的法定标准，最高超标三倍。汞含量高似乎与耕地利用有关；果园中发现铜含量增加。高镉水平主要似乎遵循区域或地质模式；然而，与耕地利用和粘土地的关系不能排除。在草地上没有检测到农药，在果园以及未开垦地区的检出率最高。滴滴涕水平似乎普遍继承自过去。如宏观物理化学特性所描述的土壤类型的变化对于解释潜在污染物浓度水平的变化至关重要。与深度的变化也主要与土壤性质的同时变化有关。对于砷，氧化还原条件和水文状况除了地质历史外，似乎也很重要。大气输入的影响被推断为铅。现有的数据不能完全解决当考虑土壤类型、地质和土地利用的影响后仍然存在的区域模式的原因。除了当前的浓度水平外，基线研究还提供了一般的见解，即潜在污染物的变化在多大程度上是自然的或人为的。在合适的时间间隔进行一系列类似的研究，每次都选择新的采样点，可以构成一个不断发展的灵活监测系统。在建立监测系统时，当局应该权衡由固定地点组成的网络与这种替代方案的优缺点。
