[A review of urinary examination--what medical practice expects now and what urinary examinations have to provide in the future].

Urinary examination can be performed frequently because of its non-invasive nature. To take advantage of this advantage, it is important to inform clinicians about the following: not only analytical results of chemical as well as morphological components but also easy-to-understand factors that are comprehensively analyzed, causing these components to emerge in urine. Here we review issues with the guidelines for hematuria diagnosis and management guidelines for chronic kidney disease. We report issues with the standard urinary erythrocyte count to define hematuria, the significance of urinary albumin test strips in the prevention of CKD or CVD development, and information on the morphologies of urinary erythrocytes.