Cattaneo Luigi, Pavesi Giovanni
Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, Mattarello, Trento 38123, Italy.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43100, Italy.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014 Jan;38:135-59. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.002. Epub 2013 Nov 12.
Facial movements support a variety of functions in human behavior. They participate in automatic somatic and visceral motor programs, they are essential in producing communicative displays of affective states and they are also subject to voluntary control. The multiplicity of functions of facial muscles, compared to limb muscles, is reflected in the heterogeneity of their anatomical and histological characteristics that goes well beyond the conventional classification in single facial muscles. Such parcellation in different functional muscular units is maintained throughout the central representation of facial movements from the brainstem up to the neocortex. Facial movements peculiarly lack a conventional proprioceptive feedback system, which is only in part vicariated by cutaneous or auditory afferents. Facial motor activity is the main marker of endogenous affective states and of the affective valence of external stimuli. At the cortical level, a complex network of specialized motor areas supports voluntary facial movements and, differently from upper limb movements, in such network there does not seem to be a prime actor in the primary motor cortex.
面部运动在人类行为中支持多种功能。它们参与自动的躯体和内脏运动程序，在产生情感状态的交流性展示中至关重要，并且也受自主控制。与肢体肌肉相比，面部肌肉功能的多样性反映在其解剖学和组织学特征的异质性上，这远远超出了单一面部肌肉的传统分类。在从脑干到新皮质的整个面部运动中枢表征中，不同功能肌肉单元的这种划分得以维持。面部运动特别缺乏传统的本体感觉反馈系统，该系统仅部分地由皮肤或听觉传入神经替代。面部运动活动是内源性情感状态和外部刺激情感效价的主要标志。在皮质层面，一个复杂的专门运动区网络支持自主面部运动，并且与上肢运动不同，在这个网络中，初级运动皮层似乎不是主要角色。
