National Water Research Institute, L7R 4A6, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
Environ Monit Assess. 1989 Nov;13(2-3):331-41. doi: 10.1007/BF00394238.
Two basic requirements, low bias and high precision, are necessary for generating reliable estimates for the load from point and nonpoint sources of pollution. Biases and low precision can be the result of using a bad sampling design and/or inadequate method of estimation. The effects of biases can be reduced at the design stage prior to the data collection or at the data anlysis stage. This paper discusses the statistical issues involved in generating adequate load estimations using recently published point source discharge data from the Niagara River to illustrate these issues.
生成点源和非点源污染负荷可靠估计值需要满足两个基本要求，即低偏差和高精度。偏差和低精度可能是由于使用了不良的采样设计和/或不充分的估计方法造成的。偏差的影响可以在数据收集之前的设计阶段或数据分析阶段得到减少。本文使用最近公布的尼亚加拉河点源排放数据生成充分的负荷估计值，讨论了在这两个阶段涉及的统计问题，以说明这些问题。
