Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; Terra&AcquaTech Tecnopole of the University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Feb 1;470-471:1281-306. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.085. Epub 2013 Nov 16.
This review presents and discusses the data from 47 peer-reviewed journal articles on the occurrence of 137 pharmaceutical compounds in the effluent from various types of constructed wetlands treating urban wastewater. We analyse the observed removal efficiencies of the investigated compounds in order to identify the type of constructed wetland that best removes those most frequently detected. The literature reviewed details experimental investigations carried out on 136 treatment plants, including free water surface systems, as well as horizontal and vertical subsurface flow beds (pilot or full-scale) acting as primary, secondary or tertiary treatments. The occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in sediments and gravel and their uptake by common macrophytes are also presented and discussed. We analyse the main removal mechanisms for the selected compounds and investigate the influence of the main design parameters, as well as operational and environmental conditions of the treatment systems on removal efficiency. We also report on previous attempts to correlate observed removal values with the chemical structure and chemical-physical properties (mainly pKa and LogKow) of pharmaceutical compounds. We then use the literature data to calculate the average pharmaceutical mass loadings in the effluent from constructed wetlands, comparing the ability of such systems to remove selected pharmaceuticals with the corresponding conventional secondary and tertiary treatments. Finally, the environmental risk posed by pharmaceutical residues in effluents from constructed wetlands acting as secondary and tertiary treatment steps is calculated in the form of the risk quotient ratio. This approach enabled us to provide a ranking of the most critical compounds for the two scenarios, to discuss the ramifications of the adoption of constructed wetlands for removing such persistent organic compounds, and to propose avenues of future research.
这篇综述介绍和讨论了 47 篇经过同行评审的期刊文章中的数据，这些文章涉及到 137 种药物化合物在处理城市废水的各种类型人工湿地中的污水中的出现情况。我们分析了所研究化合物的观察到的去除效率，以确定去除那些最常检测到的化合物的最佳人工湿地类型。综述的文献详细介绍了在 136 个处理厂进行的实验研究，包括自由水面系统，以及作为初级、次级或三级处理的水平和垂直潜流床（试点或全规模）。还介绍和讨论了选定药物在沉积物和砾石中的存在及其被常见大型植物吸收的情况。我们分析了所选化合物的主要去除机制，并研究了主要设计参数、处理系统的操作和环境条件对去除效率的影响。我们还报告了先前试图将观察到的去除值与药物化合物的化学结构和物化性质（主要是 pKa 和 LogKow）相关联的尝试。然后，我们使用文献数据计算人工湿地出水中的平均药物质量负荷，比较这些系统去除选定药物的能力与相应的传统二级和三级处理。最后，以风险商数比的形式计算了作为二级和三级处理步骤的人工湿地出水中药物残留对环境的风险。这种方法使我们能够对两种情况下最关键的化合物进行排名，讨论采用人工湿地去除这些持久性有机化合物的影响，并提出未来研究的途径。
