Ojeda N B, Intapad S, Alexander B T
Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2014 Feb;210(2):307-16. doi: 10.1111/apha.12206. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
Experimental models of developmental programming provide proof of concept and support Barker's original findings that link birthweight and blood pressure. Many experimental models of developmental insult demonstrate a sex difference with male offspring exhibiting a higher blood pressure in young adulthood relative to their age-matched female counterparts. It is well recognized that men exhibit a higher blood pressure relative to age-matched women prior to menopause. Yet, whether this sex difference is noted in individuals born with low birthweight is not clear. Sex differences in the developmental programming of blood pressure may originate from innate sex-specific differences in expression of the renin angiotensin system that occur in response to adverse influences during early life. Sex differences in the developmental programming of blood pressure may also involve the influence of the hormonal milieu on regulatory systems key to the long-term control of blood pressure such as the renin angiotensin system in adulthood. In addition, the sex difference in blood pressure in offspring exposed to a developmental insult may involve innate sex differences in oxidative status or the endothelin system or may be influenced by age-dependent changes in the developmental programming of cardiovascular risk factors such as adiposity. Therefore, this review will highlight findings from different experimental models to provide the current state of knowledge related to the mechanisms that contribute to the aetiology of sex differences in the developmental programming of blood pressure and hypertension.
发育编程的实验模型为概念验证提供了依据，并支持了巴克最初将出生体重与血压联系起来的研究结果。许多发育性损伤的实验模型都显示出性别差异，成年早期的雄性后代相对于年龄匹配的雌性后代血压更高。众所周知，在绝经前，男性相对于年龄匹配的女性血压更高。然而，出生体重低的个体是否存在这种性别差异尚不清楚。血压发育编程中的性别差异可能源于肾素血管紧张素系统表达中固有的性别特异性差异，这种差异是在生命早期受到不利影响时出现的。血压发育编程中的性别差异也可能涉及激素环境对血压长期控制关键调节系统的影响，如成年期的肾素血管紧张素系统。此外，暴露于发育性损伤的后代血压的性别差异可能涉及氧化状态或内皮素系统的固有性别差异，或者可能受到心血管危险因素（如肥胖）发育编程中年龄依赖性变化的影响。因此，本综述将重点介绍不同实验模型的研究结果，以提供与血压和高血压发育编程中性别差异病因机制相关的当前知识状态。
