The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2014 Aug;89(3):618-55. doi: 10.1111/brv.12072. Epub 2013 Dec 3.
For over a century, frogs have been studied across various scientific fields, including physiology, embryology, neuroscience, (neuro)endocrinology, ecology, genetics, behavioural science, evolution, drug development, and conservation biology. In some cases, frog skin has proven very successful as a research model, for example aiding in the study of ion transport through tight epithelia, where it has served as a model for the vertebrate distal renal tubule and mammalian epithelia. However, it has rarely been considered in comparative studies involving human skin. Yet, despite certain notable adaptations that have enabled frogs to survive in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, frog skin has many features in common with human skin. Here we present a comprehensive overview of frog (and toad) skin ontogeny, anatomy, cytology, neuroendocrinology and immunology, with special attention to its unique adaptations as well as to its similarities with the mammalian integument, including human skin. We hope to provide a valuable reference point and a source of inspiration for both amphibian investigators and mammalian researchers studying the structural and functional properties of the largest organ of the vertebrate body.
一个多世纪以来，青蛙一直是各个科学领域的研究对象，包括生理学、胚胎学、神经科学（神经）内分泌学、生态学、遗传学、行为科学、进化、药物开发和保护生物学。在某些情况下，青蛙皮肤已被证明是一种非常成功的研究模型，例如，它有助于研究离子通过紧密上皮的转运，在这种情况下，它是脊椎动物远端肾小管和哺乳动物上皮的模型。然而，在涉及人类皮肤的比较研究中，它很少被考虑。然而，尽管青蛙有一些显著的适应能力，使它们能够在水生和陆地环境中生存，但青蛙皮肤与人类皮肤有许多共同之处。在这里，我们全面概述了青蛙（和蟾蜍）皮肤的个体发生、解剖、细胞学、神经内分泌学和免疫学，特别关注其独特的适应性以及与哺乳动物表皮（包括人类皮肤）的相似性。我们希望为研究两栖动物的研究人员和研究脊椎动物最大器官的结构和功能特性的哺乳动物研究人员提供一个有价值的参考点和灵感来源。
