INSERM, UMR912 "Economics and Social Sciences Applied to Health & Analysis of Medical Information" (SESSTIM), 13006 Marseille, France; Aix Marseille University, UMR_S912, IRD, 13006 Marseille, France; ORS PACA, Southeastern Health Regional Observatory, 13006 Marseille, France.
Institut National des études Démographiques (Ined), Paris, France; INSERM, U669, Univ Paris-Sud and Univ Paris Descartes, UMR-S0669 Paris, France.
Int J Drug Policy. 2014 Mar;25(2):282-90. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.08.009. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
There is growing evidence that cigarette smoking has become a stigmatized behaviour, at least in western countries, and there is ongoing debate among experts about whether or not such stigma should be an instrument of anti-tobacco policy.
We investigated French non-smokers attitudes toward cigarette smokers, using data from a telephone survey carried out in 2010 among a representative random sample of non-smokers aged 15-75 (N=3091). We carried out a cluster analysis to build contrasted attitudinal profiles and we also computed a score of stigmatization.
We found evidence for the existence of stigma associated with cigarette smoking in France: a majority of French non-smokers would not date a smoker, nor hire one to take care of their children. The cluster analysis identified four contrasting profiles, corresponding to different levels of stigmatization, including one cluster whose respondents demonstrated strong levels of moral condemnation and social rejection of smokers. Older people, those with a lower educational level and those reporting financial difficulties were more prone to stigmatize smokers, while those who reported that somebody smoked in their home were less likely to do so. Those who had never smoked and those who abstained from alcohol were more prone to stigmatize smokers. Obese people were also more likely to do so (in bivariate analysis only).
The process of tobacco stigmatization seems well-advanced in France, despite a cultural context that may be less permeable to this process. Further research is needed as our results raise some questions regarding its efficiency as a policy tool. First, people who are familiar with smokers are less prone to stigmatize them. More generally, simultaneously stigmatizing several categories of people may provide each of these same categories with stereotyped 'others' onto whom they can deflect their stigma.
越来越多的证据表明，吸烟在西方国家至少已经成为一种被污名化的行为，而专家们也在争论这种污名是否应该成为控烟政策的工具。
我们使用 2010 年在法国进行的一项针对 15-75 岁非吸烟者的代表性随机抽样电话调查的数据，调查了法国非吸烟者对吸烟者的态度。我们进行了聚类分析，构建了对比态度特征，并计算了污名化得分。
我们发现法国存在与吸烟相关的污名化证据：大多数法国非吸烟者不会与吸烟者约会，也不会雇佣吸烟者照顾他们的孩子。聚类分析确定了四个具有不同污名化程度的对比特征群，包括一个对吸烟者表现出强烈道德谴责和社会排斥的特征群。老年人、受教育程度较低者和报告经济困难者更倾向于污名化吸烟者，而那些报告有人在家中吸烟的人则不太可能这样做。从未吸烟和戒酒者更倾向于污名化吸烟者。肥胖者也更有可能这样做（仅在双变量分析中）。
尽管法国的文化背景可能不太容易接受这一过程，但烟草污名化的过程似乎已经很成熟。需要进一步研究，因为我们的结果提出了一些关于其作为政策工具的有效性的问题。首先，熟悉吸烟者的人不太可能对他们进行污名化。更普遍地说，同时污名化几个群体可能会为每个群体提供刻板的“他者”，使他们可以将污名转移到这些“他者”身上。
