Wilson Michelle Clare, Scior Katrina
Department of Clinical Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 7HB, UK.
Res Dev Disabil. 2014 Feb;35(2):294-321. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.11.003. Epub 2013 Dec 4.
Research investigating attitudes towards individuals with disabilities has largely focused on self-reported explicit attitudes. Given that factors such as social desirability may influence explicit attitudes, researchers have developed tools which instead assess less consciously controllable implicit attitudes. Considering research on implicit attitudes thus seems pertinent. A review of studies measuring implicit attitudes towards individuals with physical disabilities (visual, motor or hearing) or intellectual disabilities via the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998) was carried out. Systematic searches of PsycINFO, CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Scopus and Web of Science databases identified relevant articles published between January 2000 and September 2012. Seventeen articles (reporting on 18 studies that employed the IAT) were identified. These investigated implicit attitudes towards individuals with; physical disabilities (N=13), intellectual disabilities (N=3), both physical and intellectual disabilities (N=1), and 'unspecified disabilities' (N=1). Across all studies, moderate to strong negative implicit attitudes were found and there was little to no association between explicit and implicit attitudes. Individuals' beliefs about the controllability of their future, sensitivity to the concept of disease, and contact with individuals with disabilities appear to be associated with implicit attitudes. A consistent pattern of moderate to strong negative implicit attitudes towards individuals with disabilities was evident. These studies provide a starting point, but methodological issues related to sampling and the employed IATs limit the generalizability of these results. Further research investigating implicit attitudes towards specific disability types, with a wider subject pool are necessary as well as further investigation of factors that contribute to these attitudes.
关于对残疾人态度的研究主要集中在自我报告的显性态度上。鉴于社会期望等因素可能会影响显性态度，研究人员开发了一些工具，转而评估较难有意识控制的隐性态度。因此，考虑对隐性态度的研究似乎很有必要。本文对通过内隐联想测验（IAT；Greenwald、McGhee和Schwartz，1998年）测量对身体残疾（视觉、运动或听力）或智力残疾个体的隐性态度的研究进行了综述。通过对PsycINFO、CINAHL、EMBASE、ERIC、MEDLINE、PUBMED、Scopus和科学网数据库进行系统检索，确定了2000年1月至2012年9月期间发表的相关文章。共识别出17篇文章（报告了18项使用IAT的研究）。这些研究调查了对以下个体的隐性态度：身体残疾个体（N = 13）、智力残疾个体（N = 3）、身体和智力都有残疾的个体（N = 1）以及“未明确说明的残疾”个体（N = 1）。在所有研究中，均发现了中度至强烈的负面隐性态度，并且显性态度与隐性态度之间几乎没有关联。个体对自身未来可控性的信念、对疾病概念的敏感度以及与残疾人的接触似乎与隐性态度有关。对残疾人存在中度至强烈负面隐性态度的一致模式很明显。这些研究提供了一个起点，但与抽样和所使用的IAT相关的方法学问题限制了这些结果的普遍性。有必要开展进一步的研究，以更广泛的受试者群体调查对特定残疾类型的隐性态度，以及对促成这些态度的因素进行进一步研究。
