Cancer-associated thrombosis.

Cancer-associated thrombosis accounts for almost one-fifth of all cases of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and is a leading cause of death, morbidity, delays in care, and increased costs. Our understanding of risk factors for cancer-associated thrombosis has expanded in recent years, and investigators have begun to use biomarkers and clinical prediction models to identify those cancer patients at greatest risk for VTE. The Khorana Risk Model, which is based on easily obtained biomarkers and clinical factors, has now been validated in several studies. Recent clinical trials of prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in cancer patients are reviewed here. In addition, consensus guidelines and expert opinion regarding management of VTE in specific challenging situations are presented.