Department of Research, Foundation Centrum '45 partner in Arq, Diemen, The Netherlands.
Fam Process. 2013 Dec;52(4):723-35. doi: 10.1111/famp.12045. Epub 2013 Aug 19.
Despite increased attention to the role of fathers within families, there is still a dearth of studies on the impact of trauma on father-involvement. This study investigates the quantity of father-involvement and the influence of posttraumatic stress on the quality of involvement in a refugee and asylum seeker population. Eighty refugees and asylum seekers and their young children (aged 18-42 months) were recruited. Measures included assessment of parental trauma (Harvard Trauma Questionnaire), quantity and quality of involvement (quantity of caregiving and Emotional Availability Scales), and perception of the father-child relationship (interview). The results show that fathers were less involved in caregiving tasks and play activities than mothers. No parental gender differences were found on each of the Emotional Availability Scales. Traumatic stress symptoms negatively affected the perception and the actual quality of parent-child interaction (sensitivity, structuring, nonhostility). Nevertheless, almost all fathers described their relationship with their child as good and their child as very important to them. As the quality of father-involvement is of importance to the development of the child, traumatized fathers are as much in need of clinical intervention as mothers. Despite the impact of posttraumatic stress, refugee fathers clearly are involved in the lives of their children. Mechanisms such as a deliberate withdrawal when stressed and compensation might enable affected fathers to step into the interaction when needed, raise the quality of involvement with their child, and diminish the negative impact of stress resulting from trauma and migration.
尽管人们越来越关注父亲在家庭中的角色，但关于创伤对父亲参与度的影响的研究仍然很少。本研究调查了难民和寻求庇护者群体中父亲参与度的数量以及创伤后应激对参与度质量的影响。招募了 80 名难民和寻求庇护者及其年幼的孩子（18-42 个月）。测量包括父母创伤评估（哈佛创伤问卷）、参与度的数量和质量（照顾和情感可用性量表）以及对父子关系的感知（访谈）。结果表明，父亲在照顾任务和游戏活动中的参与度低于母亲。在每个情感可用性量表上，父母的性别差异均不明显。创伤后应激症状对亲子互动的感知和实际质量（敏感性、结构化、非敌意）产生负面影响。然而，几乎所有的父亲都将他们与孩子的关系描述为良好，并且孩子对他们来说非常重要。由于父亲参与度的质量对孩子的发展很重要，因此创伤后应激的父亲与母亲一样需要临床干预。尽管受到创伤后应激的影响，但难民父亲显然参与了孩子的生活。当受到压力时故意退出和补偿等机制可能使受影响的父亲在需要时介入互动，提高与孩子的参与度，并减轻创伤和移民带来的应激的负面影响。
