Department of Biology, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263-4321, U.S.A.
J Fish Biol. 2014 Mar;84(3):577-602. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12270. Epub 2013 Dec 17.
Over 70 species of intertidal fishes from 12 families breathe air while emerging from water. Amphibious intertidal fishes generally have no specialized air-breathing organ but rely on vascularized mucosae and cutaneous surfaces in air to exchange both oxygen and carbon dioxide. They differ from air-breathing freshwater fishes in morphology, physiology, ecology and behaviour. Air breathing and terrestrial activity are present to varying degrees in intertidal fish species, correlated with the tidal height of their habitat. The gradient of amphibious lifestyle includes passive remainers that stay in the intertidal zone as tides ebb, active emergers that deliberately leave water in response to poor aquatic conditions and highly mobile amphibious skipper fishes that may spend more time out of water than in it. Normal terrestrial activity is usually aerobic and metabolic rates in air and water are similar. Anaerobic metabolism may be employed during forced exercise or when exposed to aquatic hypoxia. Adaptations for amphibious life include reductions in gill surface area, increased reliance on the skin for respiration and ion exchange, high affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen and adjustments to ventilation and metabolism while in air. Intertidal fishes remain close to water and do not travel far terrestrially, and are unlikely to migrate or colonize new habitats at present, although in the past this may have happened. Many fish species spawn in the intertidal zone, including some that do not breathe air, as eggs and embryos that develop in the intertidal zone benefit from tidal air emergence. With air breathing, amphibious intertidal fishes survive in a variable habitat with minimal adjustments to existing structures. Closely related species in different microhabitats provide unique opportunities for comparative studies.
超过 70 种来自 12 科的潮间带鱼类在出水时会呼吸空气。两栖潮间带鱼类通常没有专门的呼吸器官，但依靠血管化的黏膜和皮肤表面在空气中交换氧气和二氧化碳。它们在形态、生理、生态和行为上与呼吸空气的淡水鱼类不同。呼吸空气和陆地活动在潮间带鱼类中存在不同程度，与它们栖息地的潮汐高度有关。两栖生活方式的梯度包括在退潮时留在潮间带的被动停留者、为应对恶劣水条件而故意离开水的主动出现者以及可能在水中停留时间多于在空气中的高度移动的两栖飞鱼。正常的陆地活动通常是有氧的，空气和水中的代谢率相似。在被迫运动或暴露于缺氧水中时，可能会采用无氧代谢。适应两栖生活的包括减少鳃表面积、增加对皮肤呼吸和离子交换的依赖、血红蛋白对氧气的高亲和力以及在空气中时对通气和代谢的调整。潮间带鱼类靠近水，在陆地上不会走得很远，目前不太可能迁移或殖民新的栖息地，尽管过去可能发生过这种情况。许多鱼类在潮间带产卵，包括一些不呼吸空气的鱼类，因为在潮间带发育的卵和胚胎受益于潮汐空气出现。通过呼吸空气，两栖潮间带鱼类在一个变化的栖息地中生存，对现有结构的调整最小。不同微生境中的密切相关物种为比较研究提供了独特的机会。
