Ord Terry J, Cooke Georgina M
Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Evolution. 2016 Aug;70(8):1747-59. doi: 10.1111/evo.12971. Epub 2016 Jun 24.
We know little about on how frequently transitions into new habitats occur, especially the colonization of novel environments that are the most likely to instigate adaptive evolution. One of the most extreme ecological transitions has been the shift in habitat associated with the move from water to land by amphibious fish. We provide the first phylogenetic investigation of these transitions for living fish. Thirty-three families have species reported to be amphibious and these are likely independent evolutionary origins of fish emerging onto land. Phylogenetic reconstructions of closely related taxa within one of these families, the Blenniidae, inferred as many as seven convergences on a highly amphibious lifestyle. Taken together, there appear to be few constraints on fish emerging onto land given amphibious behavior has evolved repeatedly many times across ecologically diverse families. The colonization of novel habitats by other taxa resulting in less dramatic changes in environment should be equally, if not, more frequent in nature, providing an important prerequisite for subsequent adaptive differentiation.
我们对生物向新栖息地转移的频率知之甚少，尤其是对那些最有可能引发适应性进化的新环境的定殖。最极端的生态转变之一是与两栖鱼类从水生环境向陆地环境转变相关的栖息地变化。我们首次对现存鱼类的这些转变进行了系统发育研究。有33个科的物种被报道具有两栖性，这些可能是鱼类登陆的独立进化起源。在其中一个科（鳚科）内对亲缘关系密切的类群进行系统发育重建，推断出在高度两栖的生活方式上有多达7次趋同进化。综合来看，鉴于两栖行为在生态多样的多个科中已经反复进化多次，鱼类登陆似乎几乎没有什么限制。其他类群对新栖息地的定殖，即使不会导致环境发生更显著的变化，在自然界中也应该同样频繁，这为后续的适应性分化提供了重要前提。
