Relational dialectics theory: Disentangling physician-perceived tensions of end-of-life communication.

Existing literature evidences the centrality of interpersonal communication during end-of-life care, but several barriers currently compromise its effectiveness. One of them is a common lack of communication skills among physicians in this challenging context. Several strategies have been suggested to enhance end-of-life interactions; however, a solid theoretical framework is needed for the development of effective systematic guidelines and interventions that can facilitate this goal. The present research study addresses this gap, choosing to focus particularly on the physician's perspective. It relies on Baxter and Montgomery's (1996) Relational Dialectics Theory to illuminate the complexity of reality doctors commonly face in interactions with their patients during end-of-life care. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 physicians in a southern canton of Switzerland who had experienced at least one end-of-life encounter with a patient. The interviews probed whether and under what conditions Baxter and Montgomery's theoretical contradictions translate to physicians' end-of-life communication with their patients and the patients' family members. The results replicated and extended the original theoretical contradictions, evidencing that Relational Dialectics Theory is very applicable to end-of-life conversations. Thus, this study adds a theoretically framed, empirically grounded contribution to the current literature on the communicative challenges physicians commonly face during end-of-life interactions with their patients and their patients' family members.