Atlas J A, Lapidus L B
J Clin Psychol. 1987 Mar;43(2):177-88. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(198703)43:2<177::aid-jclp2270430204>3.0.co;2-9.
Differential patterns of symbolic expression, through the modalities of language, gesture, play, and drawing, were investigated in 48 psychotic children: 26 with chart diagnoses of autism and 22 with chart diagnoses of schizophrenia. As predicted, autistic children tended to show an absence of symbol use, while schizophrenic children demonstrated complex or differentiated symbol use. A multiple discriminant analysis supported the hypothesized emergence of a "transitional" group of children, defined on the basis of echolalic language, who showed stereotypic or undifferentiated symbol use.
通过语言、手势、游戏和绘画等方式，对48名患有精神疾病的儿童的象征性表达差异模式进行了研究：26名经图表诊断为自闭症，22名经图表诊断为精神分裂症。正如所预测的那样，自闭症儿童往往表现出缺乏符号使用，而精神分裂症儿童则表现出复杂或有差异的符号使用。多重判别分析支持了基于模仿语言定义的“过渡性”儿童群体的假设出现，这些儿童表现出刻板或无差异的符号使用。
