Overman William H, Pierce Allison
Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington, NC, USA.
Front Psychol. 2013 Dec 12;4:935. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00935.
Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in clinical populations can be interpreted only in relation to established baseline performance in normal populations. As in all comparisons of assessment tools, the normal baseline must reflect performance under conditions in which subjects can function at their best levels. In this review, we show that a number of variables enhance IGT performance in non-clinical participants. First, optimal performance is produced by having participants turn over real cards while viewing virtual cards on a computer screen. The use of only virtual cards results in significantly lower performance than the combination of real + virtual cards. Secondly, administration of more than 100 trials also enhances performance. When using the real/virtual card procedure, performance is shown to significantly increase from early adolescence through young adulthood. Under these conditions young (mean age 19 years) and older (mean age 59 years) adults perform equally. Females, as a group, score lower than males because females tend to choose cards from high-frequency-of-gain Deck B. Groups of females with high or low gonadal hormones perform equally. Concurrent tasks, e.g., presentation of aromas, decrease performance in males. Age and gender effects are discussed in terms of a dynamic between testosterone and orbital prefrontal cortex.
临床人群在爱荷华赌博任务（IGT）中的表现，只能相对于正常人群已确立的基线表现来进行解释。如同在所有评估工具的比较中一样，正常基线必须反映受试者能够发挥其最佳水平的条件下的表现。在本综述中，我们表明一些变量会提高非临床参与者在IGT上的表现。首先，让参与者在电脑屏幕上查看虚拟卡片的同时翻动真实卡片，能产生最佳表现。仅使用虚拟卡片的表现明显低于真实卡片与虚拟卡片相结合的情况。其次，进行超过100次试验也会提高表现。当使用真实/虚拟卡片程序时，从青春期早期到青年期，表现会显著提高。在这些条件下，年轻（平均年龄19岁）和年长（平均年龄59岁）成年人表现相当。作为一个群体，女性得分低于男性，因为女性倾向于从高收益频率的B组中选择卡片。高或低性腺激素水平的女性群体表现相当。同时进行的任务，如散发香气，会降低男性的表现。从睾酮与眶额前皮质之间的动态关系方面讨论了年龄和性别效应。
