Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
Chem Soc Rev. 2014 Apr 21;43(8):2714-42. doi: 10.1039/c3cs60345h. Epub 2014 Jan 15.
The amide functionality is found in a wide variety of biological and synthetic structures such as proteins, polymers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Due to the fact that synthetic amides are still mainly produced by the aid of coupling reagents with poor atom-economy, the direct catalytic formation of amides from carboxylic acids and amines has become a field of emerging importance. A general, efficient and selective catalytic method for this transformation would meet well with the increasing demands for green chemistry procedures. This review covers catalytic and synthetically relevant methods for direct condensation of carboxylic acids and amines. A comprehensive overview of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic methods is presented, covering biocatalysts, Lewis acid catalysts based on boron and metals as well an assortment of other types of catalysts.
酰胺官能团存在于广泛的生物和合成结构中，如蛋白质、聚合物、农药和药物。由于合成酰胺仍然主要是通过偶联试剂来合成，而这些偶联试剂的原子经济性较差，因此直接催化羧酸和胺形成酰胺已经成为一个新兴的重要领域。对于这种转化，一种通用、高效和选择性的催化方法将很好地满足对绿色化学过程的日益增长的需求。本综述涵盖了羧酸和胺直接缩合的催化和合成相关方法。综述了均相和多相催化方法，包括生物催化剂、基于硼和金属的路易斯酸催化剂以及各种其他类型的催化剂。
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