Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014 Mar;140(3):259-65. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2013.6368.
Otolaryngologists are asked to evaluate children who a parent, physician, or someone else believes is slow in developing speech. Therefore, an otolaryngologist should be familiar with milestones for normal speech development, the causes of delay in speech development, and the best ways to help assure that children develop the ability to speak in a normal way.
To provide information for otolaryngologists that is helpful in the evaluation and management of children perceived to be delayed in developing speech.
Data were obtained via literature searches, online databases, textbooks, and the most recent national guidelines on topics including speech delay and language delay and the underlying disorders that can cause delay in developing speech. Emphasis was placed on epidemiology, pathophysiology, most common presentation, and treatment strategies. Most of the sources referenced were published within the past 5 years.
Our article is a summary of major causes of speech delay based on reliable sources as listed herein.
Speech delay can be the manifestation of a spectrum of disorders affecting the language comprehension and/or speech production pathways, ranging from disorders involving global developmental limitations to motor dysfunction to hearing loss. Determining the cause of a child's delay in speech production is a time-sensitive issue because a child loses valuable opportunities in intellectual development if his or her communication defect is not addressed and ameliorated with treatment. Knowing several key items about each disorder can help otolaryngologists direct families to the correct health care provider to maximize the child's learning potential and intellectual growth curve.
耳鼻喉科医生被要求评估父母、医生或其他认为言语发育迟缓的儿童。因此，耳鼻喉科医生应熟悉正常言语发育的里程碑、言语发育迟缓的原因以及确保儿童以正常方式发展言语能力的最佳方法。
为耳鼻喉科医生提供有助于评估和管理被认为言语发育迟缓的儿童的信息。
通过文献检索、在线数据库、教科书以及最新的国家指南，获取了有关言语迟缓、语言迟缓以及可能导致言语发育迟缓的潜在障碍的信息。重点放在流行病学、病理生理学、最常见的表现和治疗策略上。参考的大部分资料都是在过去 5 年内发表的。
我们的文章是基于本文列出的可靠来源对言语迟缓主要原因的总结。
言语迟缓可能是影响语言理解和/或言语产生途径的一系列障碍的表现，范围从涉及全面发育障碍的障碍到运动功能障碍再到听力损失。确定儿童言语产生延迟的原因是一个时间敏感的问题，因为如果不解决儿童的沟通缺陷并通过治疗加以改善，他或她的智力发展机会就会丧失。了解每种疾病的几个关键要点，可以帮助耳鼻喉科医生将家庭引导至正确的医疗保健提供者，从而最大限度地提高儿童的学习潜力和智力成长曲线。
