Beard Sheryl
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine - Wichita, 1010 North Kansas, Wichita, KS 67214, USA.
Prim Care. 2014 Mar;41(1):33-46. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.005. Epub 2013 Nov 28.
Rhinitis is caused by a variety of allergic and nonallergic mechanisms. Mild disease can usually be managed with avoidance measures alone. Allergen removal can also improve the severity of allergic rhinitis and can reduce the need for medications. Allergic rhinitis is represented by sneezing, nasal congestion, nasal pruritus, and rhinorrhea. Oral antihistamines should be used to treat patients with mild or occasional seasonal allergic rhinitis. Because of the variance in causes of nonallergic rhinitis, treatments also vary. Irrigation and debridement are the standard treatment of atrophic rhinitis. For gustatory rhinitis, pretreatment with ipratropium bromide can be used.
鼻炎由多种过敏和非过敏机制引起。轻度疾病通常仅通过避免措施即可控制。去除过敏原也可改善过敏性鼻炎的严重程度，并可减少药物需求。过敏性鼻炎的表现为打喷嚏、鼻塞、鼻痒和流涕。口服抗组胺药应用于治疗轻度或偶发性季节性过敏性鼻炎患者。由于非过敏性鼻炎病因各异，治疗方法也有所不同。冲洗和清创是萎缩性鼻炎的标准治疗方法。对于味觉性鼻炎，可使用异丙托溴铵进行预处理。
