Whittingham D G
Ciba Found Symp. 1977(52):97-127.
Various factors affect the viability of embryos after freezing and thawing. When mouse embryos are supercooled below -6 degrees C before ice induction (seeding), survival is markedly reduced, apparently by inadequate dehydration of the embryos during subsequent cooling. Immediately after thawing, eight-cell mouse embryos and blastocysts experience a delay before normal embryonic development is resumed. A restorative period in culture combined with a modification of the synchrony between embryo and recipient helps to maximize survival following transfer. No loss of viability was observed in eight-cell mouse embryos after storage at -196 degrees C for four years. The preservation of the embryos of laboratory species other than the mouse and rabbit is limited by our lack of knowledge of the culture requirements for the development of such embryos.
多种因素会影响胚胎冻融后的存活率。当小鼠胚胎在诱导结冰（接种）前被过冷至-6℃以下时，存活率会显著降低，这显然是由于随后冷却过程中胚胎脱水不充分所致。解冻后，八细胞期小鼠胚胎和囊胚在恢复正常胚胎发育之前会经历一段延迟期。在培养中设置一个恢复阶段，并调整胚胎与受体之间的同步性，有助于使移植后的存活率最大化。八细胞期小鼠胚胎在-196℃储存四年后，未观察到活力丧失。由于我们对小鼠和兔子以外的实验物种胚胎发育的培养要求缺乏了解，这些物种胚胎的保存受到限制。
