Decision-making under risk is improved by both dopaminergic medication and subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease.

Inconsistent findings regarding the effects of dopaminergic medication (MED) and deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) on decision making processes and impulsivity in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have been reported. This study investigated the influence of MED and STN-DBS on decision-making under risk. Eighteen non-demented PD patients, treated with both MED and STN-DBS (64.3±10.2years, UPDRS III MED off, DBS off 45.5±17.1) were tested with the Game of Dice Task (GDT) which probes decision-making under risk during four conditions: MED on/DBS on, MED on/DBS off, MED off/DBS on, and MED off/DBS off. Task performance across conditions was compared analyzing two GDT-parameters: (i) the "net score" indicating advantageous decisions, and (ii) the patient's ability to use negative feedback. Significantly higher GDT net scores were observed in Med on in contrast to Med off conditions as well as in DBS on versus DBS off conditions. However, no effect of therapy for the patient's ability to make use of negative feedback could be detected. The data suggest a positive influence of both MED and STN-DBS on making decisions under risk in PD patients, an effect which seems to be mediated by mechanisms other than the use of negative feedback.