The roles of Pellino E3 ubiquitin ligases in immunity.

Pellino proteins were initially characterized as a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that can catalyse the ubiquitylation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and regulate innate immune signalling pathways. More recently, physiological and molecular roles for members of the Pellino family have been described in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by ubiquitylation. This Review describes the emerging roles of Pellino proteins in innate and adaptive immunity and discusses the mechanistic basis of these functions.