Research Institute of Industrial Economics, SE-102 15 Stockholm, Sweden.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Feb 4;111(5):1760-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1307204111. Epub 2014 Jan 21.
Entrepreneurship policy mainly aims to promote innovative Schumpeterian entrepreneurship. However, the rate of entrepreneurship is commonly proxied using quantity-based metrics, such as small business activity, the self-employment rate, or the number of startups. We argue that those metrics give rise to misleading inferences regarding high-impact Schumpeterian entrepreneurship. To unambiguously identify high-impact entrepreneurs we focus on self-made billionaires (in US dollars) who appear on Forbes Magazine's list and who became wealthy by founding new firms. We identify 996 such billionaire entrepreneurs in 50 countries in 1996-2010, a systematic cross-country study of billionaire entrepreneurs. The rate of billionaire entrepreneurs correlates negatively with self-employment, small business ownership, and firm startup rates. Countries with higher income, higher trust, lower taxes, more venture capital investment, and lower regulatory burdens have higher billionaire entrepreneurship rates but less self-employment. Despite its limitations, the number of billionaire entrepreneurs appears to be a plausible cross-country measure of Schumpeterian entrepreneurship.
创业政策主要旨在促进创新的熊彼特式创业。然而，创业率通常使用基于数量的指标来代理，如小企业活动、自营职业率或创业公司数量。我们认为，这些指标会导致对高影响力的熊彼特式创业的误导性推断。为了明确识别高影响力的企业家，我们专注于福布斯杂志列出的白手起家的亿万富翁（以美元计），他们通过创立新公司而变得富有。我们在 1996 年至 2010 年期间确定了 50 个国家的 996 位这样的亿万富翁企业家，这是对亿万富翁企业家的系统跨国研究。亿万富翁企业家的比率与自营职业、小企业所有权和企业创业率呈负相关。收入较高、信任度较高、税收较低、风险资本投资较多和监管负担较低的国家拥有更高的亿万富翁创业率，但自营职业较少。尽管存在局限性，但亿万富翁企业家的数量似乎是一个合理的跨国熊彼特式创业衡量标准。
