Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Laboratory for Computational Motor Control, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
J Neurosci. 2014 Jan 22;34(4):1212-23. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2798-13.2014.
If we assume that the purpose of a movement is to acquire a rewarding state, the duration of the movement carries a cost because it delays acquisition of reward. For some people, passage of time carries a greater cost, as evidenced by how long they are willing to wait for a rewarding outcome. These steep discounters are considered impulsive. Is there a relationship between cost of time in decision making and cost of time in control of movements? Our theory predicts that people who are more impulsive should in general move faster than subjects who are less impulsive. To test our idea, we considered elementary voluntary movements: saccades of the eye. We found that in humans, saccadic vigor, assessed using velocity as a function of amplitude, was as much as 50% greater in one subject than another; that is, some people consistently moved their eyes with high vigor. We measured the cost of time in a decision-making task in which the same subjects were given a choice between smaller odds of success immediately and better odds if they waited. We measured how long they were willing to wait to obtain the better odds and how much they increased their wait period after they failed. We found that people that exhibited greater vigor in their movements tended to have a steep temporal discount function, as evidenced by their waiting patterns in the decision-making task. The cost of time may be shared between decision making and motor control.
如果我们假设运动的目的是获得一种奖励状态,那么运动的持续时间就会带来成本,因为它会延迟奖励的获得。对于一些人来说,时间的流逝会带来更大的成本,这可以从他们愿意等待奖励结果的时间长短上看出来。这些急剧贴现的人被认为是冲动的。在决策中时间成本和运动控制中时间成本之间是否存在关系?我们的理论预测,一般来说,越冲动的人应该比不那么冲动的人移动得更快。为了验证我们的想法,我们考虑了基本的自愿运动:眼球的扫视。我们发现,在人类中,扫视的活力,用速度作为幅度的函数来评估,在一个受试者中比另一个受试者高 50%;也就是说,有些人的眼睛一直以很高的活力移动。我们在一个决策任务中测量了时间成本,在这个任务中,同一个受试者可以在立即获得较小成功几率和等待获得更好几率之间做出选择。我们测量了他们愿意等待获得更好几率的时间长度,以及在失败后他们增加等待时间的幅度。我们发现,在运动中表现出更高活力的人往往具有陡峭的时间贴现函数,这可以从他们在决策任务中的等待模式中看出来。时间成本可能在决策和运动控制之间共享。
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