Perrings Charles, Kinzig Ann, Halkos George
ecoSERVICES Group, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA,
Ambio. 2014 Nov;43(7):891-905. doi: 10.1007/s13280-013-0488-1. Epub 2014 Jan 24.
Sustainable development requires that per capita inclusive wealth-produced, human, and natural capital-does not decline over time. We investigate the impact of changes in nitrogen on inclusive wealth. There are two sides to the nitrogen problem. Excess use of nitrogen in some places gives rise to N-pollution, which can cause environmental damage. Insufficient replacement of nitrogen in other places gives rise to N-depletion, or loss of nutrient stocks. Neither is explicitly accounted for in current wealth measures, but both affect wealth. We calculate an index of net N-replacement, and investigate its relationship to wealth. In countries with low levels of relative N-loss, we find that the uncompensated loss of soil nitrogen in poorer countries is associated with declining rates of growth of inclusive per capita wealth. What is less intuitive is that increasing fertilizer application in both rich and poor countries can increase per capita inclusive wealth.
可持续发展要求人均包容性财富（包括生产资本、人力资本和自然资本）不随时间推移而下降。我们研究了氮变化对包容性财富的影响。氮问题有两个方面。在一些地方，氮的过度使用会导致氮污染，进而造成环境破坏。在其他地方，氮的补充不足会导致氮损耗，即养分储备的流失。当前的财富衡量标准均未明确考虑这两个方面，但它们都会影响财富。我们计算了一个净氮替代指数，并研究了它与财富的关系。在相对氮损失水平较低的国家，我们发现较贫穷国家土壤氮的未补偿损失与人均包容性财富增长率下降有关。较不直观的是，富国和穷国增加化肥施用量都能提高人均包容性财富。
