University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg, Germany.
Occupational and Consumer Psychology, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany.
Psychiatry Res. 2014 Mar 30;215(3):700-5. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.044. Epub 2014 Jan 7.
Studies revealed that patients with paranoid schizophrenia display overconfidence in errors for memory and social cognition tasks. The present investigation examined whether this pattern holds true for visual perception tasks. Nonclinical participants were recruited via an online panel. Individuals were asked to complete a questionnaire that included the Paranoia Checklist and were then presented with 24 blurry pictures; half contained a hidden object while the other half showed snowy (visual) noise. Participants were asked to state whether the visual items contained an object and how confident they were in their judgment. Data from 1966 individuals were included following a conservative selection process. Participants high on core paranoid symptoms showed a poor calibration of confidence for correct versus incorrect responses. In particular, participants high on paranoia displayed overconfidence in incorrect responses and demonstrated a 20% error rate for responses made with high confidence compared to a 12% error rate in participants with low paranoia scores. Interestingly, paranoia scores declined after performance of the task. For the first time, overconfidence in errors was demonstrated among individuals with high levels of paranoia using a visual perception task, tentatively suggesting it is a ubiquitous phenomenon. In view of the significant decline in paranoia across time, bias modification programs may incorporate items such as the one employed here to teach patients with clinical paranoia the fallibility of human cognition, which may foster subsequent symptom improvement.
研究表明，偏执型精神分裂症患者在记忆和社会认知任务中表现出对错误的过度自信。本研究探讨了这种模式是否适用于视觉感知任务。通过在线小组招募了非临床参与者。要求参与者完成一份包括偏执检查表在内的问卷，然后向他们展示 24 张模糊的图片；其中一半包含隐藏的物体，另一半显示的是雪花（视觉）噪音。要求参与者说出视觉项目是否包含物体，以及他们对自己判断的信心程度如何。在经过保守的选择过程后，共有 1966 名参与者的数据被纳入研究。核心偏执症状得分较高的参与者对正确和错误反应的信心校准较差。特别是，偏执得分较高的参与者对错误反应表现出过度自信，并在高置信度下做出的反应中表现出 20%的错误率，而偏执得分较低的参与者的错误率为 12%。有趣的是，在完成任务后，偏执得分下降。这是首次在高偏执水平的个体中使用视觉感知任务证明了对错误的过度自信，这表明它是一种普遍现象。鉴于偏执在时间上的显著下降，偏见修正计划可以纳入像这里使用的项目来教导有临床偏执的患者人类认知的易错性，这可能会促进随后的症状改善。
