Zimmerman Gregory M
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, 417 Churchill Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,
J Youth Adolesc. 2014 Sep;43(9):1576-93. doi: 10.1007/s10964-014-0099-6. Epub 2014 Jan 28.
Survey data for studying youth's secondary exposure to community violence (i.e., witnessing or hearing violence in the community) come from both parents and their children. There are benefits of considering multiple informants in psychosocial assessments, but parents and youths often disagree about comparable information. These reporting differences present challenges for both researchers and clinicians. To shed new light on the individual, family, and neighborhood factors that contribute to parent and youth reporting differences regarding youth's secondary exposure to community violence, this study analyzed hierarchical item response models on a sample of youth respondents from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Participants were aged approximately 9, 12, and 15 years (trimodal distribution; mean age = 12.0 years) at baseline (N = 2,344; 49.6% female). Descriptive analyses indicated that parents significantly underestimated their children's exposure to community violence. Logistic hierarchical item response models indicated that absolute discrepancies between parent and youth reports were a function of youth demographic characteristics (male, Hispanic or African American as compared to white, age, 3rd as compared to 1st generation immigrant), individual difference factors (lower levels of self-control, higher levels of violent peer exposure), and family factors (lower household socioeconomic status). Parental under-reporting of youth's exposure to violence was associated with youth demographic characteristics (male, age, 2nd as compared to 3rd generation immigrant), family factors (lower levels of parental supervision), and neighborhood characteristics (higher levels of violence, less access to youth services). The results suggest that a constellation of individual and contextual factors may contribute to the understanding of parent and youth reporting differences. The findings speak to the utility of examining parent and youth reporting differences from a hierarchical lens.
用于研究青少年社区暴力二次暴露（即目睹或听闻社区暴力）的调查数据来自父母及其子女。在心理社会评估中考虑多个信息提供者有诸多益处，但父母和青少年在可比信息方面往往存在分歧。这些报告差异给研究人员和临床医生都带来了挑战。为了深入了解导致父母和青少年在青少年社区暴力二次暴露报告上存在差异的个人、家庭和邻里因素，本研究对来自芝加哥邻里人类发展项目的青少年受访者样本分析了分层项目反应模型。参与者在基线时年龄约为9岁、12岁和15岁（三峰分布；平均年龄 = 12.0岁）（N = 2344；49.6%为女性）。描述性分析表明，父母显著低估了其子女遭受社区暴力的情况。逻辑分层项目反应模型表明，父母和青少年报告之间的绝对差异是青少年人口特征（男性、与白人相比为西班牙裔或非裔美国人、年龄、与第一代移民相比为第三代移民）、个体差异因素（较低的自我控制水平、较高的暴力同伴接触水平）以及家庭因素（较低的家庭社会经济地位）的函数。父母对青少年暴力暴露的报告不足与青少年人口特征（男性、年龄、与第三代移民相比为第二代移民）、家庭因素（较低的父母监督水平）以及邻里特征（较高的暴力水平、较少获得青少年服务的机会）相关。结果表明，一系列个体和情境因素可能有助于理解父母和青少年报告差异。这些发现说明了从分层视角审视父母和青少年报告差异的效用。
