Schlagintweit Hera E, Good Kimberley P, Barrett Sean P
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
J Psychopharmacol. 2014 Aug;28(8):773-9. doi: 10.1177/0269881113519508. Epub 2014 Jan 28.
Reduced craving associated with nicotine replacement therapy use is frequently attributed to the effects of nicotine pharmacology, however non-pharmacological factors may also play a role. This study examined the impact of nicotine pharmacology and non-pharmacological components of an acute nicotine lozenge (4 mg) on cigarette craving, mood and heart rate in 70 daily smokers (36 male). Smoking-related stimuli were used to assess cue-induced craving. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in a balanced placebo design where half the participants were provided deceptive information regarding the nicotine content of a lozenge. Subjective ratings of craving and mood were collected and heart rate was assessed before and after neutral and smoking cues. Nicotine expectancy reduced withdrawal-related craving (p = 0.006) regardless of actual nicotine administration while combined nicotine expectancy and administration reduced intentions to smoke (p = 0.046) relative to each of the other conditions. Exposure to smoking-related stimuli increased cigarette craving (p ≤ 0.001) and negative affect (p ≤ 0.001) regardless of expectancy or pharmacology. Following the smoking cue, women reported a greater increase in withdrawal-related craving than men (p = 0.027). Findings suggest that both pharmacological and non-pharmacological components of nicotine lozenge administration contribute to its acute effects on craving, yet neither appears effective in preventing craving triggered by exposure to environmental smoking stimuli.
与使用尼古丁替代疗法相关的烟瘾降低通常归因于尼古丁药理学的作用，然而非药理学因素可能也起了作用。本研究考察了急性尼古丁含片（4毫克）的尼古丁药理学和非药理学成分对70名每日吸烟者（36名男性）的烟瘾、情绪和心率的影响。使用与吸烟相关的刺激来评估线索诱发的烟瘾。在一个平衡的安慰剂设计中，参与者被随机分配到四种条件之一，其中一半参与者被提供了关于含片尼古丁含量的误导性信息。在中性和吸烟线索前后收集对烟瘾和情绪的主观评分，并评估心率。无论实际是否给予尼古丁，尼古丁预期都会降低与戒断相关的烟瘾（p = 0.006），而相对于其他每种条件，尼古丁预期与给予相结合会降低吸烟意图（p = 0.046）。无论预期或药理学情况如何，接触与吸烟相关的刺激都会增加烟瘾（p≤0.001）和负面影响（p≤0.001）。在吸烟线索之后，女性报告的与戒断相关的烟瘾增加幅度大于男性（p = 0.027）。研究结果表明，尼古丁含片给药的药理学和非药理学成分都对其对烟瘾的急性作用有贡献，但两者似乎都无法有效预防因接触环境吸烟刺激而引发的烟瘾。
