The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Cefas Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
Environ Int. 2014 Apr;65:147-58. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.006. Epub 2014 Jan 29.
In this paper, we have compiled and reviewed the most recent literature, published in print or online from January 2010 to December 2012, relating to the human exposure, environmental distribution, behaviour, fate and concentration time trends of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) flame retardants, in order to establish their current trends and priorities for future study. More data are now becoming available for remote areas not previously studied, Indian Ocean islands, for example. Decreasing time trends for penta-mix PBDE congeners were seen for soils in northern Europe, sewage sludge in Sweden and the USA, carp from a US river, trout from three of the Great Lakes and in Arctic and UK marine mammals and many birds, but increasing time trends continue in polar bears and some birds at high trophic levels in northern Europe. This may be partially a result of the time delay inherent in long-range atmospheric transport processes. In general, concentrations of BDE209 (the major component of the deca-mix PBDE product) are continuing to increase. Of major concern is the possible/likely debromination of the large reservoir of BDE209 in soils and sediments worldwide, to yield lower brominated congeners which are both more mobile and more toxic, and we have compiled the most recent evidence for the occurrence of this degradation process. Numerous studies reported here reinforce the importance of this future concern. Time trends for HBCDs are mixed, with both increases and decreases evident in different matrices and locations and, notably, with increasing occurrence in birds of prey. Temporal trends for both PBDEs and HBCD in Asia are unclear currently. A knowledge gap has been noted in relation to metabolism and/or debromination of BDE209 and HBCD in birds. Further monitoring of human exposure and environmental contamination in areas of e-waste recycling, particularly in Asia and Africa, is warranted. More data on temporal trends of BDE and HBCD concentrations in a variety of matrices and locations are needed before the current status of these compounds can be fully assessed, and the impact of regulation and changing usage patterns among different flame retardants determined.
本文综合并回顾了 2010 年 1 月至 2012 年 12 月期间公开发表的有关多溴二苯醚（PBDE）和六溴环十二烷（HBCD）阻燃剂的人体暴露、环境分布、行为、归宿和浓度时间趋势的最新文献，以确定其当前的趋势和未来研究的重点。现在，更多的数据可用于以前未研究过的偏远地区，例如印度洋岛屿。在北欧的土壤、瑞典和美国的污水污泥、来自美国河流的鲤鱼、来自五大湖的三种鳟鱼以及北极和英国海洋哺乳动物和许多鸟类中，五溴混合 PBDE 同系物的时间趋势呈下降趋势，但在北欧的北极熊和一些处于高营养级别的鸟类中，时间趋势仍在继续上升。这可能部分是由于长程大气输送过程中固有的时间延迟所致。一般来说，BDE209（十溴混合 PBDE 产品的主要成分）的浓度仍在继续增加。人们主要关注的是，全球土壤和沉积物中大量 BDE209 可能/可能发生脱溴作用，生成更具移动性和毒性的低溴同系物，我们综合了有关这种降解过程的最新证据。这里报告的许多研究都证实了这种未来关注的重要性。HBCD 的时间趋势各不相同，在不同的基质和地点都有增加和减少的情况，值得注意的是，在猛禽中越来越多地出现这种情况。目前亚洲地区 PBDE 和 HBCD 的时间趋势尚不清楚。人们注意到在鸟类中 BDE209 和 HBCD 的代谢和/或脱溴方面存在知识空白。在电子废物回收等地区，有必要对人类接触和环境污染进行进一步监测，特别是在亚洲和非洲。需要更多有关各种基质和地点中 BDE 和 HBCD 浓度的时间趋势的数据，以便充分评估这些化合物的现状，并确定不同阻燃剂的监管和使用模式变化的影响。
