Maldonado Angela M, Peck Mika R
Fundacion Entropika, Leticia, Colombia; Asociacion Primatologica Colombiana, Bogota, Colombia.
Am J Primatol. 2014 Jul;76(7):658-69. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22260. Epub 2014 Feb 5.
This study reports on impacts of illegal trade in owl monkeys (Aotus nancymaae, A. vociferans) for the biomedical research market in the Colombian-Peruvian Amazonian border. Through freedom of information requests and interviews with hunters we found that 912 owl monkeys, including A. nancymaae captured in Peru, were trapped over a 3-month period in 2012 to supply a malaria research facility based in Leticia, Colombia, which had trapping permits for the use of only 800 A. vociferans annually yet experimentation took place using A. nancymaae. High levels of extraction in Peru have had population-level impacts with significantly lower densities of Aotus spp. (3-24 individuals/km(2)) compared to Colombian sites with low hunting pressure (26-44 individuals/km(2)). Post-experimental release of this species in Colombian territory has created a new distribution whose status and impacts on resident populations of A. vociferans remain unknown. The trapping method has also had environmental impact, with loss of over 65,000 trees (including sleeping sites), annually. As Aotus species are registered under the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix II, international trade requires official permission and evidence that extraction does not impact wild populations. However, no official records exist and CITES legislation has failed, due principally to a lack of appropriate monitoring by national authorities responsible for compliance. Of further concern is that we had previously documented and reported the illegal trade to the appropriate governmental authorities yet still no action was taken-as demonstrated by the continuing trade in 2013. Enforcement eventually occurred when a non-governmental organization initiated legal action against organizations responsible. A successful second instance ruling by the Colombian State's Council in 2013 revoked trapping permits. Using the trade in owl monkeys as a case study we consider implementation, compliance, and enforcement of CITES in the border area to identify mechanisms to improve enforcement of environmental legislation.
本研究报告了哥伦比亚-秘鲁亚马逊边境地区猫头鹰猴（南希马埃夜猴、尖声夜猴）非法贸易对生物医学研究市场的影响。通过信息公开申请以及与猎人的访谈，我们发现，2012年的3个月时间里，共捕获了912只猫头鹰猴，其中包括在秘鲁捕获的南希马埃夜猴，这些猴子被供应给位于哥伦比亚莱蒂西亚的一家疟疾研究机构。该机构每年仅持有捕获800只尖声夜猴的许可，但其实验却使用了南希马埃夜猴。秘鲁境内的大量猎捕已对种群数量产生影响，与狩猎压力较低的哥伦比亚地区（每平方公里26 - 44只）相比，夜猴属物种的密度显著降低（每平方公里3 - 24只）。在哥伦比亚境内进行实验后放生该物种，形成了新的分布范围，但其对尖声夜猴当地种群的影响尚不清楚。捕猎方法还对环境造成了影响，每年有超过65000棵树木（包括栖息场所）遭到破坏。由于夜猴属物种被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）附录二，国际贸易需要官方许可，且需证明猎捕不会影响野生种群。然而，目前并无官方记录，CITES法规也未能发挥作用，这主要是由于负责监管的国家当局缺乏适当的监测。更令人担忧的是，我们此前已将非法贸易记录并报告给了相关政府部门，但仍未采取任何行动——2013年的贸易仍在继续就是明证。最终，在一个非政府组织对相关责任组织提起法律诉讼后，执法行动得以展开。2013年，哥伦比亚国务委员会的二审裁决成功撤销了捕猎许可。以猫头鹰猴贸易为例，我们探讨了边境地区CITES的实施、遵守和执法情况，以确定改善环境法规执法的机制。
