Tam Bjorn T, Siu Parco M
Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Sports Med. 2014 May;44(5):625-40. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0140-z.
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved biological process that functions to recycle protein aggregate and malfunctioned organelles. The activation of autophagy can be stimulated by a number of ways including infection, caloric restriction, and physical exercise. In addition to cellular metabolism and cell survival/death machinery, autophagy plays an important role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in skeletal muscle especially during physical exercise in which energy demand can be extremely high. By degrading macromolecules and subcellular organelles through the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, useful materials such as amino acids can be released and re-used to sustain normal metabolism in cells. Autophagy is suggested to be involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and is proposed to be a critical physiological process in the regulation of intracellular metabolism. The effects of physical exercise on autophagy have been investigated. Although physical exercise has been demonstrated to be an autophagic inducer, cellular autophagic responses to exercise in skeletal muscle appear to be varied in different exercise protocols and disease models. It is also not known whether the exercise-induced beneficial health consequences involve the favorable modulation of cellular autophagy. Furthermore, the cellular mechanisms of exercise-induced autophagy still remain largely unclear. In this review article, we discuss the general principle of autophagy, cellular signaling of autophagy, autophagic responses to acute and chronic aerobic exercise, and the potential cross-talks among autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and ubiquitination. This article aims to stimulate further studies in exercise and autophagy.
自噬是一种进化上保守的生物学过程，其功能是回收蛋白质聚集体和功能失调的细胞器。自噬的激活可通过多种方式刺激，包括感染、热量限制和体育锻炼。除了细胞代谢和细胞存活/死亡机制外，自噬在维持骨骼肌细胞内稳态中起着重要作用，特别是在能量需求极高的体育锻炼过程中。通过自噬体与溶酶体融合降解大分子和亚细胞器，可以释放并重新利用氨基酸等有用物质，以维持细胞内的正常代谢。自噬被认为参与葡萄糖和脂质代谢，并被认为是调节细胞内代谢的关键生理过程。体育锻炼对自噬的影响已得到研究。尽管体育锻炼已被证明是一种自噬诱导剂，但骨骼肌细胞对运动的自噬反应在不同的运动方案和疾病模型中似乎有所不同。运动诱导的有益健康后果是否涉及细胞自噬的有利调节也尚不清楚。此外，运动诱导自噬的细胞机制在很大程度上仍不清楚。在这篇综述文章中，我们讨论了自噬的一般原理、自噬的细胞信号传导、对急性和慢性有氧运动的自噬反应，以及自噬、线粒体生物发生和泛素化之间潜在的相互作用。本文旨在激发对运动和自噬的进一步研究。
