Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way #3B3, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA.
Departments of Surgery and Immunology and T.E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
Nat Rev Immunol. 2014 Mar;14(3):195-208. doi: 10.1038/nri3622.
Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are small membrane vesicles derived from multivesicular bodies or from the plasma membrane. Most, if not all, cell types release extracellular vesicles, which then enter the bodily fluids. These vesicles contain a subset of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that are derived from the parent cell. It is thought that extracellular vesicles have important roles in intercellular communication, both locally and systemically, as they transfer their contents, including proteins, lipids and RNAs, between cells. Extracellular vesicles are involved in numerous physiological processes, and vesicles from both non-immune and immune cells have important roles in immune regulation. Moreover, extracellular vesicle-based therapeutics are being developed and clinically tested for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. Given the tremendous therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles, this Review focuses on their role in modulating immune responses, as well as their potential therapeutic applications.
细胞外囊泡（包括外泌体）是从小泡多体或质膜衍生而来的小膜囊泡。大多数（如果不是全部）细胞类型都会释放细胞外囊泡，然后这些囊泡进入体液。这些囊泡包含一组源自母细胞的蛋白质、脂质和核酸。人们认为细胞外囊泡在细胞间通讯中具有重要作用，无论是局部还是全身性的，因为它们在细胞之间传递其内容物，包括蛋白质、脂质和 RNA。细胞外囊泡参与许多生理过程，非免疫和免疫细胞的囊泡在免疫调节中具有重要作用。此外，基于细胞外囊泡的疗法正在开发和临床测试中，用于治疗炎症性疾病、自身免疫性疾病和癌症。鉴于细胞外囊泡具有巨大的治疗潜力，本综述重点介绍了它们在调节免疫反应中的作用以及它们的潜在治疗应用。
