Hegele-Hartung C, Schumacher A, Fischer B
Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Federal Republic of Germany.
Anat Embryol (Berl). 1988;178(3):229-41. doi: 10.1007/BF00318226.
Early cleavage stage embryos (day 1 p.c.) and morulae (day 3 p.c.) of rabbits were exposed to visible (standard) lighting (1600 lx) and room (standard) temperature (23 degrees C) during a 24 h in-vitro culture. Control embryos were cultured in darkness at 37 degrees C. Development was assessed by light and electron microscopy as well as by the cytochemical demonstration of glycogen. In day 1 and day 3 embryos standard temperature induced swelling of the SER and Golgi complex vesicles. Major changes in day 1 embryos consisted of smallish microtubules - like crystalloids, and in day 3 embryos of unusually large SER vesicles. In both embryonic ages cleavage rate and development was more retarded by standard temperature than by standard lighting. Standard lighting, however, led to distinct signs of degeneration and cell death. The mode of cell damage seemed to be different in light exposed early cleavage stages and morulae: In day 1 embryos cytoplasmic degeneration was predominant while the majority of cells in day 3 embryos died by apoptosis. Despite clear indications of cell damage, cleavage rate was not notably impaired compared with non-exposed controls. Glycogen increased during development from cleavage stages to early blastocysts. The distribution was not changed either by exposure to standard temperature nor by standard lighting. The results demonstrate that day 1 embryos were clearly more susceptible to lighting whereas day 3 embryos were more affected by temperature. The mode of damage exerted by both the physical environmental factors was different. Reduction to standard temperature interfered mainly with the organization of the cytoskeleton and intracellular transport of organelles, while exposure to standard lighting led to cell degeneration and death.
将兔早期卵裂期胚胎（妊娠第1天）和桑椹胚（妊娠第3天）在24小时体外培养期间置于可见光（标准）光照（1600勒克斯）和室温（标准）温度（23摄氏度）环境中。对照胚胎在37摄氏度黑暗环境中培养。通过光学显微镜、电子显微镜以及糖原的细胞化学显示来评估发育情况。在第1天和第3天的胚胎中，标准温度诱导滑面内质网（SER）和高尔基体复合物囊泡肿胀。第1天胚胎的主要变化是出现小型微管样晶体，第3天胚胎的主要变化是出现异常大的SER囊泡。在这两个胚胎时期，标准温度比标准光照更能延缓卵裂率和发育。然而，标准光照会导致明显的退化和细胞死亡迹象。在暴露于光照的早期卵裂期胚胎和桑椹胚中，细胞损伤模式似乎有所不同：在第1天胚胎中，细胞质退化占主导，而第3天胚胎中的大多数细胞通过凋亡死亡。尽管有明确的细胞损伤迹象，但与未暴露的对照相比，卵裂率并未受到显著损害。从卵裂期到早期囊胚的发育过程中糖原增加。无论是暴露于标准温度还是标准光照，糖原分布均未改变。结果表明，第1天胚胎对光照明显更敏感，而第3天胚胎受温度影响更大。这两种物理环境因素造成的损伤模式不同。降至标准温度主要干扰细胞骨架的组织和细胞器的细胞内运输，而暴露于标准光照则导致细胞退化和死亡。
