Isolation of promoters from two anaerobic bacteria.

Promoters which function in Gram-positive organisms show, with few exceptions, remarkable conservation of sequences identical with those in Escherichia coli. An E. coli system was tested to select putative promoters of two anaerobes, the Gram-positive Clostridium absonum and the Gram-negative Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Random restriction fragments of chromosomal DNA from these organisms were fused to the galactokinase (galK) gene of E. coli within a plasmid vector. Approximately 10% of these fragments functioned as promoters in E. coli, and a broad range of activities was evident. A single 88 base pair (bp) C. absonum DNA fragment yielded, in the E. coli plasmid vector, approximately the same high activity as that provided by the E. coli galK promoter. Sequence analysis of this fragment showed typical -35 and -10 sequences, with about five -10-like sequences closely flanking each other, some overlapping, and this appears to result in multiple start sites for transcription. The transcriptions of E. coli plasmid fragments in vitro with both E. coli RNA polymerase and C. absonum RNA polymerase showed pairs of transcripts corresponding to two start sites. By colony hybridization with the 88 bp fragment, radioactively labelled, as a probe, a 4.2 kilobase segment of C. absonum chromosomal DNA containing the 88 bp fragment was isolated. About 375 bp of this fragment was sequenced. A putative Shine-Dalgarno sequence and ATG start site were detected, followed by an opening reading frame. Using a sequence about 100 bp downstream from the 88 bp sequence, a 17-base oligonucleotide was synthesized to serve as a primer. With C. absonum RNA as a template, a reverse transcriptase primer extension assay located a pair of transcription start sites just downstream from the 88 bp sequence, proving that the 88 bp sequence functions as a promoter in C. absonum.