Monniaux Danielle, Clément Frédérique, Dalbiès-Tran Rozenn, Estienne Anthony, Fabre Stéphane, Mansanet Camille, Monget Philippe
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France.
Biol Reprod. 2014 Apr 25;90(4):85. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.117077. Print 2014 Apr.
The growing follicles develop from a reserve of primordial follicles constituted early in life. From this pre-established reserve, a second ovarian reserve is formed, which consists of gonadotropin-responsive small antral growing follicles and is a dynamic reserve for ovulation. Its size, evaluated by direct antral follicular count or endocrine markers, determines the success of assisted reproductive technologies in humans and embryo production biotechnologies in animals. Strong evidence indicates that these two reserves are functionally related. The size of both reserves appears to be highly variable between individuals of similar age, but the equilibrium size of the dynamic reserve in adults seems to be specific to each individual. The dynamics of both follicular reserves appears to result from the fine tuning of regulations involving two main pathways, the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT1) and the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)/SMAD signaling pathways. Mutations in genes encoding the ligands, receptors, or signaling effectors of these pathways can accelerate or modulate the exhaustion rate of the ovarian reserves, causing premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) or increase in reproductive longevity, respectively. With female aging, the decline in primordial follicle numbers parallels the decrease in the size of the dynamic reserve of small antral follicles and the deterioration of oocyte quality. Recent progress in our knowledge of signaling pathways and their environmental and hormonal control during adult and fetal life opens new perspectives to improve the management of the ovarian reserves.
生长中的卵泡由生命早期形成的原始卵泡储备发育而来。从这个预先建立的储备中，形成了第二个卵巢储备，它由对促性腺激素有反应的小窦状生长卵泡组成，是排卵的动态储备。通过直接窦状卵泡计数或内分泌标志物评估其大小，决定了人类辅助生殖技术和动物胚胎生产生物技术的成功率。有力证据表明这两个储备在功能上相关。在年龄相似的个体之间，这两个储备的大小似乎差异很大，但成年人动态储备的平衡大小似乎因人而异。两个卵泡储备的动态变化似乎是由涉及两条主要途径的精细调节导致的，即磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物（PTEN）/磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶（PI3K）/3-磷酸肌醇依赖性蛋白激酶-1（PDPK1）/v-akt小鼠胸腺瘤病毒癌基因同源物1（AKT1）途径和骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）/抗苗勒管激素（AMH）/SMAD信号通路。编码这些途径的配体、受体或信号效应器的基因突变可分别加速或调节卵巢储备的耗竭率，导致卵巢早衰（POI）或延长生殖寿命。随着女性年龄增长，原始卵泡数量的下降与小窦状卵泡动态储备大小的减少以及卵母细胞质量的恶化同步。我们对成年和胎儿期信号通路及其环境和激素控制的认识的最新进展为改善卵巢储备的管理开辟了新的前景。
