Castagnola Anaïs, Stock S Patricia
Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 1140 E. South Campus Dr., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
Insects. 2014 Jan 6;5(1):139-66. doi: 10.3390/insects5010139.
This review focuses on common insecticidal virulence factors from entomopathogenic bacteria with special emphasis on two insect pathogenic bacteria Photorhabdus (Proteobacteria: Enterobacteriaceae) and Bacillus (Firmicutes: Bacillaceae). Insect pathogenic bacteria of diverse taxonomic groups and phylogenetic origin have been shown to have striking similarities in the virulence factors they produce. It has been suggested that the detection of phage elements surrounding toxin genes, horizontal and lateral gene transfer events, and plasmid shuffling occurrences may be some of the reasons that virulence factor genes have so many analogs throughout the bacterial kingdom. Comparison of virulence factors of Photorhabdus, and Bacillus, two bacteria with dissimilar life styles opens the possibility of re-examining newly discovered toxins for novel tissue targets. For example, nematodes residing in the hemolymph may release bacteria with virulence factors targeting neurons or neuromuscular junctions. The first section of this review focuses on toxins and their context in agriculture. The second describes the mode of action of toxins from common entomopathogens and the third draws comparisons between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The fourth section reviews the implications of the nervous system in biocontrol.
本综述聚焦于昆虫病原细菌常见的杀虫毒力因子，特别强调了两种昆虫病原细菌——发光杆菌属（变形菌门：肠杆菌科）和芽孢杆菌属（厚壁菌门：芽孢杆菌科）。已表明不同分类群和系统发育起源的昆虫病原细菌在其所产生的毒力因子方面具有显著相似性。有人提出，毒素基因周围噬菌体元件的检测、水平和侧向基因转移事件以及质粒改组现象，可能是毒力因子基因在整个细菌界存在如此多类似物的部分原因。对生活方式不同的两种细菌——发光杆菌属和芽孢杆菌属的毒力因子进行比较，为重新审视新发现的毒素以寻找新的组织靶点提供了可能性。例如，存在于血淋巴中的线虫可能释放出带有针对神经元或神经肌肉接头的毒力因子的细菌。本综述的第一部分聚焦于毒素及其在农业中的背景。第二部分描述了常见昆虫病原体毒素的作用方式，第三部分对革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌进行了比较。第四部分综述了神经系统在生物防治中的意义。
