Morand Serge, McIntyre K Marie, Baylis Matthew
Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Unité de recherche (UR) Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques (AGIRs), La Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement/Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), France; Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
LUCINDA Group, Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
Infect Genet Evol. 2014 Jun;24:76-81. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.013. Epub 2014 Mar 15.
The rate of emergence for emerging infectious diseases has increased dramatically over the last century, and research findings have implicated wildlife as an importance source of novel pathogens. However, the role played by domestic animals as amplifiers of pathogens emerging from the wild could also be significant, influencing the human infectious disease transmission cycle. The impact of domestic hosts on human disease emergence should therefore be ascertained. Here, using three independent datasets we showed positive relationships between the time since domestication of the major domesticated mammals and the total number of parasites or infectious diseases they shared with humans. We used network analysis, to better visualize the overall interactions between humans and domestic animals (and amongst animals) and estimate which hosts are potential sources of parasites/pathogens for humans (and for all other hosts) by investigating the network architecture. We used centrality, a measure of the connection amongst each host species (humans and domestic animals) in the network, through the sharing of parasites/pathogens, where a central host (i.e. high value of centrality) is the one that is infected by many parasites/pathogens that infect many other hosts in the network. We showed that domesticated hosts that were associated a long time ago with humans are also the central ones in the network and those that favor parasites/pathogens transmission not only to humans but also to all other domesticated animals. These results urge further investigation of the diversity and origin of the infectious diseases of domesticated animals in their domestication centres and the dispersal routes associated with human activities. Such work may help us to better understand how domesticated animals have bridged the epidemiological gap between humans and wildlife.
在过去的一个世纪里，新发传染病的出现率急剧上升，研究结果表明野生动物是新型病原体的重要来源。然而，家畜作为野生动物病原体放大器所起的作用也可能很大，会影响人类传染病的传播周期。因此，应该确定家畜宿主对人类疾病出现的影响。在这里，我们使用三个独立的数据集表明，主要家养哺乳动物的驯化时间与它们与人类共有的寄生虫或传染病总数之间存在正相关关系。我们使用网络分析来更好地可视化人类与家畜（以及动物之间）的整体相互作用，并通过研究网络结构来估计哪些宿主是人类（以及所有其他宿主）寄生虫/病原体的潜在来源。我们使用中心性来衡量网络中每个宿主物种（人类和家畜）之间通过共享寄生虫/病原体的连接程度，其中中心宿主（即中心性值高）是指被许多感染网络中许多其他宿主的寄生虫/病原体感染的宿主。我们表明，很久以前就与人类相关联的家养宿主也是网络中的中心宿主，并且那些有利于寄生虫/病原体不仅传播给人类而且传播给所有其他家养动物的宿主。这些结果促使我们进一步研究家畜传染病在其驯化中心的多样性和起源以及与人类活动相关的传播途径。这样的工作可能有助于我们更好地理解家养动物是如何弥合人类与野生动物之间的流行病学差距的。
