Meinck Franziska, Cluver Lucie D, Boyes Mark E, Mhlongo Elsinah L
Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford Barnett House, Oxford, UK Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Centre for Evidence-Based Intervention, Department of Social Policy & Intervention, University of Oxford Barnett House, Oxford, UK Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Trauma Violence Abuse. 2015 Jan;16(1):81-107. doi: 10.1177/1524838014523336. Epub 2014 Mar 18.
There is now conclusive evidence of the major and long-lasting negative effects of physical and sexual abuse on children. Within Africa, studies consistently report high rates of child abuse, with prevalence as high as 64%. However, to date, there has been no review of factors associated with physical and sexual child abuse and polyvictimization in Africa. This review identified 23 quantitative studies, all of which showed high levels of child abuse in varying samples of children and adults. Although studies were very heterogeneous, a range of correlates of abuse at different levels of the Model of Ecologic Development were identified. These included community-level factors (exposure to bullying, sexual violence, and rural/urban location), household-level factors (poverty, household violence, and non-nuclear family), caregiver-level factors (caregiver illness in particular AIDS and mental health problems, caregiver changes, family functioning, parenting, caregiver-child relationship, and substance abuse), and child-level factors (age, disability, physical health, behavior, and gender). These findings identify key associated factors that are potential foci of child abuse prevention interventions. In addition, there is a clear need for further rigorous longitudinal research into predictive factors and culturally relevant interventions.
现在有确凿证据表明，身体虐待和性虐待对儿童会产生重大且长期的负面影响。在非洲，研究一直报告称儿童虐待发生率很高，高达64%。然而，迄今为止，尚未对非洲与儿童身体和性虐待及多重受害相关的因素进行过综述。本综述确定了23项定量研究，所有这些研究都表明在不同的儿童和成人样本中存在高度的儿童虐待现象。尽管研究差异很大，但在生态发展模型的不同层面上确定了一系列虐待相关因素。这些因素包括社区层面的因素（遭受欺凌、性暴力以及农村/城市地区）、家庭层面的因素（贫困、家庭暴力和非核心家庭）、照顾者层面的因素（照顾者患病，尤其是艾滋病和心理健康问题、照顾者变更、家庭功能、养育方式、照顾者与儿童的关系以及药物滥用）以及儿童层面的因素（年龄、残疾、身体健康、行为和性别）。这些发现确定了关键的相关因素，这些因素是预防儿童虐待干预措施的潜在重点。此外，显然需要对预测因素和与文化相关的干预措施进行更严格的纵向研究。
