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好氧颗粒:微生物景观与结构、阶段及实际意义。

Aerobic granules: microbial landscape and architecture, stages, and practical implications.

作者信息

Gonzalez-Gil Graciela, Holliger Christof

机构信息

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Lausanne, Switzerland.

出版信息

Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014 Jun;80(11):3433-41. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00250-14. Epub 2014 Mar 21.

Abstract

For the successful application of aerobic granules in wastewater treatment, granules containing an appropriate microbial assembly able to remove contaminants should be retained and propagated within the reactor. To manipulate and/or optimize this process, a good understanding of the formation and dynamic architecture of the granules is desirable. Models of granules often assume a spherical shape with an outer layer and an inner core, but limited information is available regarding the extent of deviations from such assumptions. We report on new imaging approaches to gain detailed insights into the structural characteristics of aerobic granules. Our approach stained all components of the granule to obtain a high quality contrast in the images; hence limitations due to thresholding in the image analysis were overcome. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the granular structure was obtained that revealed the mesoscopic impression of the cavernlike interior of the structure, showing channels and dead-end paths in detail. In "old" granules, large cavities allowed for the irrigation and growth of dense microbial colonies along the path of the channels. Hence, in some areas, paradoxically higher biomass content was observed in the inner part of the granule compared to the outer part. Microbial clusters "rooting" from the interior of the mature granule structure indicate that granules mainly grow via biomass outgrowth and not by aggregation of small particles. We identify and discuss phenomena contributing to the life cycle of aerobic granules. With our approach, volumetric tetrahedral grids are generated that may be used to validate complex models of granule formation.

摘要

为了使好氧颗粒在废水处理中成功应用,应在反应器内保留并繁殖含有能够去除污染物的适当微生物群落的颗粒。为了操控和/或优化这一过程,需要深入了解颗粒的形成和动态结构。颗粒模型通常假定为具有外层和内核的球形,但关于偏离此类假设的程度的信息有限。我们报告了新的成像方法,以深入了解好氧颗粒的结构特征。我们的方法对颗粒的所有成分进行染色,以便在图像中获得高质量的对比度;因此克服了图像分析中由于阈值处理而产生的局限性。获得了颗粒结构的三维重建,揭示了该结构洞穴状内部的介观印象,详细显示了通道和死胡同路径。在“老化”颗粒中,大的空洞允许密集的微生物菌落在通道路径上繁殖和生长。因此,在某些区域,与颗粒外部相比,颗粒内部的生物量含量反而更高,这似乎自相矛盾。从成熟颗粒结构内部“扎根”的微生物簇表明,颗粒主要通过生物量向外生长而不是小颗粒聚集来生长。我们识别并讨论了有助于好氧颗粒生命周期的现象。通过我们的方法,可以生成体积四面体网格,可用于验证颗粒形成的复杂模型。

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