Widen E M, Gallagher D
1] New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA [2] Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA [3] Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
1] New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, USA [2] Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Jun;68(6):643-52. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.40. Epub 2014 Mar 26.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity has risen in the United States over the past few decades. Concurrent with this rise in obesity has been an increase in pregravid body mass index and gestational weight gain affecting maternal body composition changes in pregnancy. During pregnancy, many of the assumptions inherent in body composition estimation are violated, particularly the hydration of fat-free mass, and available methods are unable to disentangle maternal composition from fetus and supporting tissues; therefore, estimates of maternal body composition during pregnancy are prone to error. Here we review commonly used and available methods for assessing body composition changes in pregnancy, including: (1) anthropometry, (2) total body water, (3) densitometry, (4) imaging, (5) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, (6) bioelectrical impedance and (7) ultrasound. Several of these methods can measure regional changes in adipose tissue; however, most of these methods provide only whole-body estimates of fat and fat-free mass. Consideration is given to factors that may influence changes in maternal body composition, as well as long-term maternal and offspring outcomes. Finally, we provide recommendations for future research in this area.
在过去几十年里，美国超重和肥胖的患病率有所上升。与肥胖率上升同时出现的是，孕前体重指数和孕期体重增加也有所增加，这影响了孕期母体身体成分的变化。在孕期，身体成分估计中固有的许多假设都被打破了，尤其是去脂体重的水合作用，而且现有的方法无法将母体成分与胎儿及附属组织区分开来；因此，孕期母体身体成分的估计容易出错。在此，我们综述了评估孕期身体成分变化的常用和现有方法，包括：(1)人体测量学，(2)总体水，(3)密度测定法，(4)成像，(5)双能X线吸收法，(6)生物电阻抗法和(7)超声检查。其中几种方法可以测量脂肪组织的区域变化；然而，这些方法大多只能提供全身脂肪和去脂体重的估计值。我们考虑了可能影响母体身体成分变化的因素，以及母体和后代的长期结局。最后，我们为该领域未来的研究提供了建议。
