Olofsson Jessica, Axelrod Jeffrey D
Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, L235, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, L235, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Methods. 2014 Jun 15;68(1):97-104. doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.03.017. Epub 2014 Mar 27.
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is the polarity of epithelial cells in the plane orthogonal to the apical-basal axis, and is controlled by a partially defined signaling system. PCP related signaling also plays roles in cell migration, tissue re-organization and stem cell differentiation during embryonic development, and later, in regeneration and repair. Aberrant signaling has been linked to a broad range of pathophysiologies including cancer, developmental defects, and neurological disorders. The deepest mechanistic insights have come from studies of PCP in Drosophila. In this chapter we review tools and methods to study PCP signaling in Drosophila epithelia, where it was found to involve asymmetric protein localization that is coordinated between adjacent cells. Such signaling has been most extensively studied in wing, eye, and abdomen, but also in other tissues such as leg and notum. In the adult fly, PCP is manifested in the coordinated direction of hairs and bristles, as well as the organization of ommatidia in the eye. The polarity of these structures is preceded by asymmetric localization of PCP signaling proteins at the apical junctions of epithelial cells. Based on genetic and molecular criteria, the proteins that govern PCP can be divided into distinct modules, including the core module, the Fat/Dachsous/Four-jointed (Fat/Ds/Fj) module (often referred to as the 'global' module) as well as tissue specific effector modules. Different tissues and tissue regions differ in their sensitivity to disturbances in the various modules of the PCP signaling system, leading to controversies about the interactions among the modules, and emphasizing the value of studying PCP in multiple contexts. Here, we review methods including those generally applicable, as well as some that are selectively useful for analyses of PCP in eye (including eye discs), wing (including wing discs), pupal and adult abdomen, and the cuticle of larvae and embryos.
平面细胞极性（PCP）是上皮细胞在与顶-基轴正交的平面中的极性，由一个部分明确的信号系统控制。PCP相关信号在胚胎发育过程中的细胞迁移、组织重组和干细胞分化中也发挥作用，在后期则参与再生和修复。异常信号与包括癌症、发育缺陷和神经疾病在内的广泛病理生理学有关。对果蝇PCP的研究提供了最深入的机制见解。在本章中，我们回顾了研究果蝇上皮细胞中PCP信号的工具和方法，发现其涉及相邻细胞间协调的不对称蛋白质定位。这种信号在翅膀、眼睛和腹部中得到了最广泛的研究，但在腿部和背板等其他组织中也有研究。在成年果蝇中，PCP表现为毛发和刚毛的协调方向，以及眼睛中小眼的组织排列。这些结构的极性之前是PCP信号蛋白在上皮细胞顶端连接处的不对称定位。根据遗传和分子标准，控制PCP的蛋白质可分为不同的模块，包括核心模块、Fat/Dachsous/四关节蛋白（Fat/Ds/Fj）模块（通常称为“全局”模块）以及组织特异性效应模块。不同的组织和组织区域对PCP信号系统各个模块干扰的敏感性不同，这导致了关于模块间相互作用的争议，并强调了在多种背景下研究PCP的价值。在这里，我们回顾了一些方法，包括普遍适用的方法，以及一些对眼睛（包括眼盘）、翅膀（包括翅盘）、蛹和成年腹部以及幼虫和胚胎表皮中PCP分析有选择性用途的方法。
