De Carvalho Guimarães Carla Daniele, Viana João Paulo Rodrigues, Cornelissen Tatiana
Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Dom Bosco, São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil.
Environ Entomol. 2014 Jun;43(3):537-45. doi: 10.1603/EN13190. Epub 2014 Mar 31.
We reviewed the evidence for the effects of fragmentation on insects and plants by conducting a meta-analysis for the effects of artificial forest edge formation on insect herbivore abundance, herbivore richness, and plant herbivory, with data pooled from 31 studies and 159 independent comparisons. Hedge's d was used as the metric to combine all studies. Edge formation exhibited strong effects on plant herbivory rates, as edge plants exhibited 70% more damage than interior plants. Edges also increased herbivore abundance by 14% and herbivore richness by almost 65%, and effects of edge formation were stronger for Lepidoptera (mainly caterpillars) and Orthoptera. Edge effects were also stronger for forested ecosystems compared with open habitats and for temperate regions. Because the studies here evaluated did not simultaneously evaluate bottom-up and top-down factors, the mechanisms responsible for the patterns found cannot be properly addressed, although variation in host plant chemistry, relaxation of pressure exerted by natural enemies, or both, can be suggested as potential factors explaining variation in herbivory between edge and interior habitats. Higher herbivory rates on edge habitats, as shown by our meta-analytical review, have the potential to alter community composition and should be studied in detail to unravel their effects on ecosystem functioning.
我们通过对人工林边缘形成对昆虫食草动物数量、食草动物丰富度和植物食草作用的影响进行荟萃分析，回顾了碎片化对昆虫和植物影响的证据，数据来自31项研究和159个独立比较。Hedge's d被用作合并所有研究的指标。边缘形成对植物食草率有强烈影响，边缘植物的受损程度比内部植物高70%。边缘还使食草动物数量增加了14%，食草动物丰富度增加了近65%，边缘形成对鳞翅目（主要是毛虫）和直翅目的影响更强。与开阔栖息地相比，边缘效应在森林生态系统中也更强，在温带地区也是如此。由于这里评估的研究没有同时评估自下而上和自上而下的因素，尽管宿主植物化学的变化、天敌施加压力的放松或两者都可以被认为是解释边缘和内部栖息地之间食草作用变化的潜在因素，但导致所发现模式的机制无法得到恰当解决。我们的荟萃分析综述显示，边缘栖息地较高的食草率有可能改变群落组成，应该进行详细研究以揭示它们对生态系统功能的影响。
