Wen Qiaonong, Wan Suiren, Liu Zengli, Xu Shuang, Wang Hairui, Yang Biao
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2014 Jan;14(1):190-209. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2014.9114.
Ultrasound imaging in combination with microbubble contrast agents has demonstrated its potential for molecular imaging of vascular targets. In this article, we systematically review the technologies related to ultrasound molecular imaging. First, we introduce the basic principles of ultrasound molecular imaging. Then, we discuss ultrasound microbubble contrast agents. This includes selection requirements for targeted contrast agent ligands and receptors, targeted ultrasound contrast agent preparation, targeted ultrasound contrast agent ligands connection methods, and microbubble ultrasound contrast agent safety issues. The use of ultrasound molecular imaging in diagnosis and treatment, as well as some issues relating to high intensity focused ultrasound and ultrasound molecular imaging applications in disease diagnosis are also discussed. Applications include detection of inflammation, thrombus, tumors, and neovascularization. Consideration is also given to the acoustic characteristics of microbubbles and the acoustic principles underlying microbubble ultrasound imaging. Several microbubble scattering models are highlighted (including the Rayleigh-Plesset model, the Rayleigh-Plesset-Noltingk-Neppiras-Poritsky model, the Herring model, the Marmottant model, and the non-spherical bubble dynamics model). The interaction between two microbubbles and the effect of radiation on the microbubbles is also discussed. Finally, from an engineering perspective, we summarize the techniques used to improve the quality of ultrasound molecular images (harmonic imaging, perfusion imaging, and deconvolution technology). It is inevitable that ultrasound molecular imaging will continue to mature and can be expected to play an increasingly larger role in diagnosis and treatment of human diseases in the near future.
超声成像与微泡造影剂相结合已展现出其在血管靶点分子成像方面的潜力。在本文中，我们系统地综述了与超声分子成像相关的技术。首先，我们介绍超声分子成像的基本原理。然后，我们讨论超声微泡造影剂。这包括靶向造影剂配体和受体的选择要求、靶向超声造影剂的制备、靶向超声造影剂配体的连接方法以及微泡超声造影剂的安全性问题。还讨论了超声分子成像在诊断和治疗中的应用，以及与高强度聚焦超声相关的一些问题和超声分子成像在疾病诊断中的应用。应用包括炎症、血栓、肿瘤和新生血管的检测。还考虑了微泡的声学特性以及微泡超声成像的声学原理。重点介绍了几种微泡散射模型（包括瑞利 - 普莱斯模型、瑞利 - 普莱斯 - 诺尔廷克 - 内皮拉斯 - 波里茨基模型、赫林模型、马尔莫坦模型和非球形气泡动力学模型）。还讨论了两个微泡之间的相互作用以及辐射对微泡的影响。最后，从工程学角度，我们总结了用于提高超声分子图像质量的技术（谐波成像、灌注成像和去卷积技术）。超声分子成像必然会持续成熟，并且有望在不久的将来在人类疾病的诊断和治疗中发挥越来越大的作用。
