Falco Alessandra, Girardi Damiano, Parmiani Gianluca, Bortolato Stefano, Piccirelli Alessandra, Bartolucci Giovanni Battista, De Carlo Nicola A
G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2013 Jul-Sep;35(3):138-50.
The present work aims to investigate the phenomenon of presenteeism, a construct still little studied, especially in Italy, in its medical, psychological, social and economic implications. In the first part we propose a review of the international literature, and of the meanings, causes and consequences of the phenomenon on individual and organizational health. In the second part, we present a study which involved, for a period of about a year, 326 workers of a company in the engineering industry. This study is, in this writers' knowledge, the first survey--characterized by a longitudinal design and a multi-method approach, both not very present also in the international literature--carried out in our country on the phenomenon of presenteeism. The survey examines the mediating role of presenteeism in the relationship between specific risk factors of work context and content--career growth, conflict with colleagues, social rewards--and the psycho-physical strain. The risk factors were detected through a self-report instrument at the beginning of the year. The workers, at the end of the same year, were subjected to a healthcare surveillance visit in which the competent physician evaluated the psycho-physical strain. The hypothesized relations have been tested by estimating a structural equation model with observed variables. What emerged was a negative association between social rewards and presenteeism and a positive relation between conflict with colleagues and presenteeism. Instead, no association between growth and presenteeism emerged. Presenteeism, in turn, predicts psycho-physical strain. Overall, presenteeism mediates the relationship between social rewards and strain, as well as between interpersonal conflict and strain, but not between growth and strain. This work is characterized by some innovative aspects compared to previous studies conducted on the subject, both in theory and methodology. From a theoretical point of view the hypothesized model aims to capture specific risk factors of the process leading to the formation of work stress, through the role of presenteeism. From a methodological point of view the adoption of a longitudinal and multi-method research design allows a better understanding of the relationships between the variables investigated, often limited by the exclusive use of self-report instruments in cross-sectional designs. Finally, the possible interventions aimed at preventing presenteeism and minimizing its negative consequences on health are discussed.
本研究旨在调查出勤主义现象，这一概念仍鲜少被研究，尤其是在意大利，涉及该现象在医学、心理、社会和经济方面的影响。在第一部分，我们对国际文献以及该现象对个人和组织健康的意义、成因及后果进行了综述。在第二部分，我们呈现了一项研究，该研究对一家工程行业公司的326名员工进行了为期约一年的跟踪。据笔者所知，这项研究是我国首次针对出勤主义现象开展的调查，其特点是采用纵向设计和多方法 approach，这在国际文献中也并不常见。该调查考察了出勤主义在工作环境和内容的特定风险因素（职业发展、与同事的冲突、社会奖励）与身心健康压力之间关系中的中介作用。年初通过一份自我报告工具检测风险因素。同年末，员工接受了一次健康监测访问，由主管医生评估其身心健康压力。通过估计一个包含观测变量的结构方程模型对假设关系进行了检验。结果显示，社会奖励与出勤主义之间呈负相关，与同事的冲突和出勤主义之间呈正相关。相反，职业发展与出勤主义之间未呈现相关性。出勤主义反过来又预示着身心健康压力。总体而言，出勤主义在社会奖励与压力之间以及人际冲突与压力之间起到了中介作用，但在职业发展与压力之间并非如此。与以往关于该主题的研究相比，本研究在理论和方法上具有一些创新之处。从理论角度来看，假设模型旨在通过出勤主义的作用，捕捉导致工作压力形成过程中的特定风险因素。从方法角度来看，采用纵向和多方法研究设计能够更好地理解所研究变量之间的关系，而这些关系在横断面设计中往往因仅使用自我报告工具而受到限制。最后，讨论了旨在预防出勤主义并将其对健康的负面影响降至最低的可能干预措施。
