Holtzer Roee, Epstein Noah, Mahoney Jeannette R, Izzetoglu Meltem, Blumen Helena M
Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York. Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York.
Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014 Nov;69(11):1375-88. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glu052. Epub 2014 Apr 16.
The relationship between mobility and cognition in aging is well established, but the relationship between mobility and the structure and function of the aging brain is relatively unknown. This, in part, is attributed to the technological limitations of most neuroimaging procedures, which require the individual to be immobile or in a supine position. Herein, we provide a targeted review of neuroimaging studies of mobility in aging to promote (i) a better understanding of this relationship, (ii) future research in this area, and (iii) development of applications for improving mobility.
A systematic search of peer-reviewed studies was performed using PubMed. Search terms included (i) aging, older adults, or elderly; (ii) gait, walking, balance, or mobility; and (iii) magnetic resonance imaging, voxel-based morphometry, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion tensor imaging, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, event-related potential, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy.
Poor mobility outcomes were reliably associated with reduced gray and white matter volume. Fewer studies examined the relationship between changes in task-related brain activation and mobility performance. Extant findings, however, showed that activation patterns in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, parietal and frontal cortices were related to mobility. Increased involvement of the prefrontal cortex was evident in both imagined walking conditions and conditions where the cognitive demands of locomotion were increased.
Cortical control of gait in aging is bilateral, widespread, and dependent on the integrity of both gray and white matter.
衰老过程中运动能力与认知之间的关系已得到充分证实，但运动能力与衰老大脑的结构和功能之间的关系相对尚不明确。部分原因在于大多数神经成像程序的技术限制，这些程序要求个体保持静止或处于仰卧位。在此，我们对衰老过程中运动能力的神经成像研究进行了有针对性的综述，以促进：（i）更好地理解这种关系；（ii）该领域的未来研究；（iii）开发改善运动能力的应用。
使用PubMed对同行评审研究进行系统检索。检索词包括：（i）衰老、老年人；（ii）步态、行走、平衡或运动能力；（iii）磁共振成像、基于体素的形态测量学、液体衰减反转恢复序列、扩散张量成像、正电子发射断层扫描、功能磁共振成像、脑电图、事件相关电位和功能近红外光谱学。
较差的运动能力结果与灰质和白质体积减少可靠相关。较少有研究考察任务相关脑激活变化与运动能力表现之间的关系。然而，现有研究结果表明，小脑、基底神经节、顶叶和额叶皮质的激活模式与运动能力有关。在想象行走条件以及运动认知需求增加的条件下，前额叶皮质的参与度均明显增加。
衰老过程中步态的皮质控制是双侧的、广泛的，并且依赖于灰质和白质的完整性。
