Bałuk P, Gabella G
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College, London, England.
J Comp Neurol. 1989 Jul 1;285(1):117-32. doi: 10.1002/cne.902850110.
The innervation of the guinea pig trachea was studied in wholemount preparations stained for acetylcholinesterase, catecholamines, and substance P immunoreactivity and by electron microscopy. The majority of parasympathetic and afferent nerve fibres arrive from the vagus via branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The recurrent laryngeal nerves are composed of several fascicles comprising 600-700 small myelinated fibres (2-5 microns diameter) and about 1,000-2,000 unmyelinated fibres; both components exit from the nerve and project in fine branches to the trachea. A separate component of 200-250 large myelinated fibres (more than 5 microns diameter) runs the full length of the nerve and innervates the striated muscles of the larynx. The recurrent laryngeal nerves are slightly asymmetric in their origin, length, number, and composition of fibres, with the right nerve being shorter but with more numerous and thinner myelinated fibres. At the distal end of the recurrent nerve, a fine branch called the ramus anastomoticus connects it to the superior laryngeal nerve. In the tracheal plexus, there are on average 222 ganglion cells (range 166-327), distributed mostly in small ganglia of 12 or fewer neurons. The ganglionated plexus is situated entirely outside the tracheal wall, overlying the smooth muscle. Ligation experiments show that sympathetic nerve fibres reach the trachea with the recurrent nerves via anastomoses between the sympathetic chain and vagus nerves, or occasionally with recurrent nerves directly, the largest being at the level of the ansa subclavia. There are also perivascular sympathetic nerve plexuses. Substance P immunoreactive fibres enter the trachea from the vagus nerves and by pathways similar to those of sympathetic nerves. There are also paraganglion cells within the recurrent laryngeal nerve that contain catecholamines and are surrounded by substance P immunoreactive fibres. After cervical vagotomy, all the large myelinated fibres of the ipsilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve degenerate and so do all but 10 or 20 small myelinated fibres and all but a few unmyelinated fibres. Degenerating fibres are found within the entire tracheal plexus, indicating bilateral innervation. The small myelinated fibres that survive cervical vagotomy probably represent sympathetic or afferent nerves with their cell bodies located in sympathetic or dorsal root ganglia.
采用乙酰胆碱酯酶、儿茶酚胺和P物质免疫反应染色的整装标本及电子显微镜技术，对豚鼠气管的神经支配进行了研究。大多数副交感神经和传入神经纤维通过喉返神经分支从迷走神经到达。喉返神经由几个束组成，包含600 - 700条小的有髓纤维（直径2 - 5微米）和约1000 - 2000条无髓纤维；这两种成分都从神经中分出，并以细支投射到气管。一个由200 - 250条大的有髓纤维（直径超过5微米）组成的单独成分贯穿神经全长，支配喉的横纹肌。喉返神经在其起源、长度、纤维数量和组成上略有不对称，右侧神经较短，但有髓纤维数量更多且更细。在喉返神经的远端，一个称为吻合支的细支将其与喉上神经相连。在气管丛中，平均有222个神经节细胞（范围为166 - 327个），大多分布在由12个或更少神经元组成的小神经节中。有神经节的丛完全位于气管壁外，覆盖在平滑肌上。结扎实验表明，交感神经纤维通过交感链和迷走神经之间的吻合支与喉返神经一起到达气管，或偶尔直接与喉返神经一起到达，最大的吻合支在锁骨下袢水平。也有血管周围交感神经丛。P物质免疫反应纤维从迷走神经并通过与交感神经相似的途径进入气管。在喉返神经内也有嗜铬细胞，它们含有儿茶酚胺，并被P物质免疫反应纤维包围。颈迷走神经切断术后，同侧喉返神经的所有大的有髓纤维都发生变性，除了10或20条小的有髓纤维和少数无髓纤维外，其余的也都变性。在整个气管丛中都发现了变性纤维，表明存在双侧神经支配。颈迷走神经切断术后存活的小的有髓纤维可能代表交感神经或传入神经，其细胞体位于交感神经节或背根神经节。
