Waller Rebecca, Gardner Frances, Viding Essi, Shaw Daniel S, Dishion Thomas J, Wilson Melvin N, Hyde Luke W
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014 Nov;42(8):1275-85. doi: 10.1007/s10802-014-9871-z.
Research suggests that parental warmth and positive parent-child interactions predict the development of conscience and empathy. Recent studies suggest that affective dimensions of parenting, including parental warmth, are associated with fewer behavior problems among children with high levels of callous-unemotional (CU) behavior. Evidence also suggests that CU behavior confers risk for behavior problems by uniquely shaping parenting. The current study examines reciprocal associations between parental warmth, CU behavior, and behavior problems among toddlers. Data from mother-child dyads (N = 731; 49 % female) were collected from a multi-ethnic, high-risk sample at ages 2 and 3. CU behavior was assessed using a previously validated measure (Hyde et al. 2013). Models were tested using two measures of parental warmth, the first from direct observations of warmth in the home, the second coded from 5-min speech samples. Three-way cross-lagged, simultaneous effects models showed that parental warmth predicted child CU behavior, over and above associations with behavior problems. There were cross-lagged associations between directly observed parental warmth and child CU behavior, suggesting these behaviors show some malleability during toddlerhood and that parenting appears to reflect some adaptation to child behavior. The results have implications for models of early-starting behavior problems and preventative interventions for young children.
研究表明，父母的温情以及积极的亲子互动预示着良知和同理心的发展。近期研究表明，包括父母温情在内的养育方式的情感维度，与那些具有高水平冷漠无情（CU）行为的儿童较少出现行为问题有关。有证据还表明，CU行为通过独特地塑造养育方式，增加了出现行为问题的风险。本研究考察了幼儿期父母温情、CU行为和行为问题之间的相互关系。从一个多民族的高风险样本中收集了母婴二元组的数据（N = 731；49%为女性），数据收集时间为孩子2岁和3岁时。使用之前经过验证的测量方法（海德等人，2013年）评估CU行为。使用两种父母温情测量方法对模型进行测试，第一种来自对家庭中温情的直接观察，第二种根据5分钟的言语样本进行编码。三向交叉滞后同时效应模型表明，父母温情能预测孩子的CU行为，且这种预测独立于与行为问题的关联。在直接观察到的父母温情和孩子的CU行为之间存在交叉滞后关联，这表明这些行为在幼儿期具有一定的可塑性，而且养育方式似乎反映了对孩子行为的某种适应。这些结果对早期行为问题模型以及幼儿预防性干预措施具有启示意义。
